Metabolic Pathway of Natural Antioxidants, Antioxidant Enzymes and ROS Providence

Based on the origin, we can classify different types of stress. Environmental factors, such as high light intensity, adverse temperature, drought, or soil salinity, are summarized as abiotic stresses and discriminated from biotic stresses that are exerted by pathogens and herbivores, for instance. It was an unexpected observation that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common response to all kinds of stress investigated so far. With respect to applied aspects in agriculture and crop breeding, this observation allows using ROS production as a measure to rank the stress perception of individual plants. ROS are important messengers in cell signaling, but exceeding a concentration threshold causes damage. This requires fine‐tuning of ROS production and degradation rates. In general, there are two options to control cellular ROS levels, (I) ROS scavenging at the expense of antioxidant consumption and (II) enzyme‐controlled degradation of ROS. As antioxidants are limited in quantity, the first strategy only allows temporarily buffering of a certain cellular ROS level. This way, it prevents spells of eventually damaging ROS concentrations. In this review, we focus on the second strategy. We discuss how enzyme‐controlled degradation of ROS integrates into plant metabolism. Enzyme activities can be continuously operative. Cellular homeostasis can be achieved by regulation of respective gene expression and subsequent regulation of the enzyme activities. A better understanding of this interplay allows for identifying traits for stress tolerance breeding of crops. As a side effect, the result also may be used to identify cultivation methods modifying crop metabolism, thus resulting in special crop quality. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Effect of Different Phosphorus Sources on Soil Physico-Chemical Property Dynamics under Chickpea Crop

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-2022 to study the effect of rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soil properties. The experiment was laid out in three replications with 9 treatments in Randomized Block design (RBD). Results revealed that the combined application of 50% P through RP + 50% P through PM + PSB (T9) significantly decrease the bulk density but, higher soil porosity was observed with application of 100% P through PM (T5) and 100% P through PM + PSB (T8) were at par. Whereas, improved in soil pH and organic carbon were reported with the application of T8. Also, the maximum available nitrogen (294.95 kg ha-1) was acquired under T8. However, the highest available phosphorus, potassium and available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content in soil were observed with T9. Similarly, higher PSB population and acid phosphatase activity was recorded with application of T9. Dehydrogenase activity was observed to be higher underT8 at harvest of chickpea crop. It was concluded that application of phosphate, poultry manure and phosphate solubilizing bacteria improve the soil properties

Soil Properties Influenced by the Foliar Application of Nano Fertilizers in Maize (Zea mays L.) Crop

The aim of this present investigation is to study the effect of foliar application of nano fertilizers N, Zn and Cu on soil properties including chemical and biological properties after harvest of maize (Zea mays L.) crop. The field experiment was carried out during June-October 2020 season at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur which lies in agro-climatic zone IV-a of Rajasthan, India. The field was designed in a randomized block design having 12 treatments which were replicated thrice. The treatments include the various combination of conventional and nano fertilizers of N, Zn and Cu. The result showed that the plots treated with nano fertilizers found better nutrient and biological status in post harvest soil. The foliar application of two sprays of Nano N + Nano Zn + Nano Cu at 21 and 42 days after sowing (DAS) plus 50% N and Zn through conventional fertilizers along with 100% PK (T12) significantly (P=.05) increased the availability of macronutrients (N and K), micronutrients (Zn and Cu), microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) as well as the dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase enzyme activity in post harvest soil of maize over control. The result of this investigation shows that 50% recommended dose of conventional fertilizers can be reduced by 2 sprays of nano fertilizers which reduces the harmful effects of conventional fertilizers and maintained the soil health