Role and immunomodulatory profile of histamine receptors by H1 and H2 antagonists

The present study was designed to delineate the immunomodulatory role of histamine receptors (H1- and H2-) on induction of antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as well as the antibody generation profile, in rabbit system, systemically. The rabbits in two groups received pheniramine (H1-receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H2-receptor antagonist), respectively, via intramuscular route and were immunized with SRBC intravenously to evaluate suppression or enhancement of antibody responses in sem. A third, control group, received vehicle and were immunized in a similar manner. Histamine released from effector cells (mast cells and basophils) _in vivo_ during inflammatory reactions could influence a detectable antibody response to SRBC as early as day 7-postimmunization (post-I), which lasted until day 28- post-I. Pheniramine-treated rabbits had significantly (*Pa ≤ 0.05 and **Pa ≤ 0.01) more suppressed total serum antibody (IgM + IgG) to SRBC as compared to ranitidine-treated ad cotrol rabbits, while ranitidine-treated rabbits showed different pattern (suppressed or enhanced) during the whole study period. Ranitidine suppressed total antibody level at days 7- and 14- post-I, and enhanced at days 21- and 28- post-I. IgM suppression at day 7- and enhancement at days 14-, 21- and 28- post-I, while IgG suppression during whole study period, as compared to control group was significant (*Pa ≤ 0.05 and **Pa ≤ 0.01) as assessed by direct hemagglutination assay* ad whole SBC-ELISA method**. Here we report that histamine receptor type 2 (H2R)-antagonists have a dominant role on immunosuppression and in immunoregulation of humoral immune responses. Histamine receptor type 2 (H2R)-antagonists are mainly involved in B cell differentiation and proliferation over histamine receptor type 1 (H1R)-antagonists

Mitochondrial dynamics and viral infections: A close nexus.

Viruses manipulate cellular machinery and functions to subvert intracellular environment conducive for viral proliferation. They strategically alter functions of the multitasking mitochondria to influence energy production, metabolism, survival, and immune signaling. Mitochondria either occur as heterogeneous population of individual organelles or large interconnected tubular network. The mitochondrial network is highly susceptible to physiological and environmental insults, including viral infections, and is dynamically maintained by mitochondrial fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics in tandem with mitochondria-selective autophagy 'mitophagy' coordinates mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Mitochondrial dynamics impacts cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and innate-immune signaling, and thus can be major determinant of the outcome of viral infections. Herein, we review how mitochondrial dynamics is affected during viral infections and how this complex interplay benefits the viral infectious process and associated diseases

A novel finite element technique for the solution of engineering flow problems

A new technique known as the bubble function method is developed for the modelling of fluid flow problems. The main motivation for this work has been the desire to resolve difficulties that traditional methods show in dealing with multi-scale behaviour in flow regimes. All of the traditionally used methods require excessive mesh refinement in the simulations of systems that combine different scale of behaviour in one domain. The present bubble function method avoids such crude remedies and instead of using an elegant mathematical technique for the conjunctive approximation of fine and coarse scale phenomena. Using numerical experiments it is shown that the implementation of the bubble function method generates accurate and stable solutions for a wide range of problems. This range includes convection and reaction dominated transport phenomena, and various types of porous flow systems, it can also be extended to transient flow simulations. To demonstrate the applicability of the present technique it has been used to solve a realistic problem, namely solute dispersion in an estuary. The results of this simulation show good agreement with field survey data

Implementation Of “3 In A Row” For Business Excellence In Industries

Three in a row which brings at least 3 levels of people in the organization together as a team to continually improve their areas performance in Sustainability, Quality, Environment and Operation management. The team which meet at prefixed regular interval decides what checks are to be made that will contribute in improving the company‘s declared policy of sustainability, quality, environmental and health and safety management thus strongly supports directly or indirectly in the sustainable development. The team is normally led by the senior most persons depending on the level of employees present who acts as a leader and a coach for the team to guide, educate and motivate the team. Various check lists are made based on the Company‘s best practices, procedures and regulatory requirements on Sustainability, Quality Environmental and Safety Management. The area is also inspected by the team and any nonconformance and deviation from the best practices are observed it is noted and highlighted

Entrepreneurship Development Opportunities For Women In The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

This paper is prepared with the aim to propose strategies and policies which could create an enabling environment for women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arab. Off late women are taking the lead as game changers and reformers in the male dominated society. In the recently concluded municipal elections women candidates sprung a surprise by winning decent number of seats. Authors also aim to provide a set of practical recommendations to promote the healthy growth of entrepreneurial activities and enterprises owned by women. Empowering women has become the key element in the development of the Kingdom. With women moving forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves. Hence, improving the status of women by way of their economic empowerment is highly called for

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri: An old enemy presenting new challenges

First discovered in 1899, Naegleria fowleri is a protist pathogen, known to infect the central nervous system and produce primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. The most distressing aspect is that the fatality rate has remained more than 95%, despite our advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care. Although rare worldwide, most cases have been reported in the United States, Australia, and Europe (France). A large number of cases in developing countries go unnoticed. In particular, religious, recreational, and cultural practices such as ritual ablution and/or purifications, Ayurveda, and the use of neti pots for nasal irrigation can contribute to this devastating infection. With increasing water scarcity and public reliance on water storage, here we debate the need for increased awareness of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and the associated risk factors, particularly in developing countries

Photochemotherapeutic strategies against Acanthamoeba keratitis

Here, we determined the potential of photochemotherapy, namely the application of photodynamic compounds followed by exposure to a suitable source of UV-visible radiation against corneal pathogen, Acanthamoeba. Organometallic macromolecule, tin porphyrin [Sn(IV)porphyrin] was synthesized and purity confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The Sn(IV)porphyrin was tested against a keratitis isolate of Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype using growth and viability assays. The effects of Sn(IV)porphyrin on A. castellanii binding to and cytopathogenicity of human corneal epithelial cells in vitro were tested. The metalloporphyrin showed potent amoebistatic effects. The tin porphyrin inhibited amoebae binding to and cytopathogenicity of corneal epithelial cells. By using derivatives of photodynamic compounds [Sn(IV)porphyrin-antibody conjugates] for selective targeting of the parasite together with appropriate selection of light source will determine the potential of photochemotherapy against Acanthamoeba keratitis

Anaesthetic management of an infant with epidermolysis bullosa undergoing inguinal hernia repair

Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders characterized by blistering of the skin as a result of minor trauma. We managed an infant with epidermolysis bullosa undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Anaesthesia was induced with oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture and sevoflurane. Oral tracheal intubation was done with a lubricated laryngoscope blade with KY jelly using atracurium 0.5 mg/kg and fentanyl 0.1 microgm/kg. To avoid frictions on the skin, endotracheal tube was tied with ribbon gauze and fixed around the neck. Pulse-oximetry probe and electrocardiogram electrodes were placed, and then attached to the patient\u27s skin covered with KY jelly. Peripheral venous access was secured in the right foot and sutured. These methods were effective to avoid new blisters and useful for infant safety