57,459 research outputs found
Particle Tracking Studies Using Dynamical Map Created from Finite Element Solution of the EMMA Cell
The unĀconĀvenĀtionĀal size and the posĀsiĀbilĀiĀty of transĀverse disĀplaceĀment of the magĀnets in the EMMA non-scalĀing FFAG moĀtiĀvates a careĀful study of parĀtiĀcle beĀhavĀior withĀin the EMMA ring. The magĀnetĀic field map of the douĀblet cell is comĀputĀed using a FiĀnite ElĀeĀment Method solver; parĀtiĀcle moĀtion through the field can then be found by nuĀmerĀiĀcal inĀteĀgraĀtion, using (for exĀamĀple) OPERA, or ZGOUBI. HowĀevĀer, by obĀtainĀing an anĀaĀlytĀiĀcal deĀscripĀtion of the magĀnetĀic field (by fitĀting a FouriĀer-Bessel seĀries to the nuĀmerĀiĀcal data) and using a difĀferĀenĀtial alĀgeĀbra code, such as COSY, to inĀteĀgrate the equaĀtions of moĀtion, it is posĀsiĀble to proĀduce a dyĀnamĀiĀcal map in TayĀlor form. This has the adĀvanĀtage that, after once comĀputĀing the dyĀnamĀiĀcal map, mulĀti-turn trackĀing is far more efĀfiĀcient than reĀpeatĀedĀly perĀformĀing nuĀmerĀiĀcal inĀteĀgraĀtions. Also, the dyĀnamĀiĀcal map is smallĀer (in terms of comĀputĀer memĀoĀry) than the full magĀnetĀic field map; this alĀlows difĀferĀent conĀfigĀuĀraĀtions of the latĀtice, in terms of magĀnet poĀsiĀtions, to be repĀreĀsentĀed very easĀiĀly using a set of dyĀnamĀiĀcal maps, with inĀterĀpoĀlaĀtion beĀtween the coĀefĀfiĀcients in difĀferĀent maps*
Are the Earth and the Moon compositionally alike? Inferences on lunar composition and implications for lunar origin and evolution from geophysical modeling
The main objective of the present study is to discuss in detail the results obtained from an inversion of the Apollo lunar seismic data set, lunar mass, and moment of inertia. We inverted directly for lunar chemical composition and temperature using the model system CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. Using Gibbs free energy minimization, stable
mineral phases at the temperatures and pressures of interest, their modes and physical properties are calculated. We determine the compositional range of the oxide elements, thermal state, Mg#, mineralogy and physical structure of the lunar interior, as well as constraining core size and density. The results indicate a lunar mantle mineralogy that is dominated by olivine and orthopyroxene ( 80 vol%), with the remainder being composed of clinopyroxene and an aluminous phase (plagioclase, spinel, and garnet present in the depth ranges 0ā150 km, 150ā200 km, and >200 km, respectively). This model is broadly
consistent with constraints on mantle mineralogy derived from the experimental and
observational study of the phase lationships and trace element compositions of lunar
mare basalts and picritic glasses. In particular, by melting a typical model mantle
composition using the pMELTS algorithm, we found that a range of batch melts generated
from these models have features in common with low Ti mare basalts and picritic glasses. Our results also indicate a bulk lunar composition and Mg# different to that of the Earthās upper mantle, represented by the pyrolite composition. This difference is reflected in a lower bulk lunar Mg# ( 0.83). Results also indicate a small iron-like core with a radius around 340 km.The Carlsberg Foundation, NER
Association between pretreatment haemoglobin levels and morphometric characteristics of the tumour, response to neoadjuvant treatment and long-term outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancers
Aim
The study was carried out to investigate whether
pretreatment haemoglobin (Hb) levels act as a biomar-
ker in the management of patients with locally advanced
rectal cancer.
Method\ud
We prospectively collected data on all patients
within our cancer network with localized low rectal
cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy/chemora-
diotherapy at Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer Treat-
ment between March 1994 and July 2008. Pretreatment
Hb level was assessed as an independent variable for the
whole study sample and dichotomised at a value of 12 g/dl.
A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was
conducted on parameters that had significant association
on univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and cor-
relational (Kendall tau/Pearson) analyses. Kaplan
ā
Meier
survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models
were used to determine significant prognostic markers.
Statistical significance was set at 0.05.
Results
463 patients (male/female 2:1; median age
=
66 years, interquartile range
=
56.5
ā
73.0) were included
in the analysis. There was significant tumour response of
T stage (
P
<
0.001) and N stage (
P
<
0.001), with
17.6% of patients achieving a pathological complete
response. Pretreatment Hb value was inversely related to
the craniocaudal vertical tumour length (
P
=
0.02) and
pretreatment T stage of the tumour (
P
=
0.01). Patients
with Hb levels of
<
12 g/dl and moderately differenti-
ated adenocarcinoma were less responsive. Local recur-
rence was more common in patients with a pretreatment
Hb of
<
12 g/dl (hazard ratio
=
1.78) over a median
follow up of 24 months, but this was not statistically
significant (
P
=
0.08).
Conclusion
The pretreatment Hb level might be used
as a biomarker of rectal tumour morphology, response
to neoadjuvant chemoradiation and risk of local recur-
renc
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