Particle Tracking Studies Using Dynamical Map Created from Finite Element Solution of the EMMA Cell

The un­con­ven­tion­al size and the pos­si­bil­i­ty of trans­verse dis­place­ment of the mag­nets in the EMMA non-scal­ing FFAG mo­ti­vates a care­ful study of par­ti­cle be­hav­ior with­in the EMMA ring. The mag­net­ic field map of the dou­blet cell is com­put­ed using a Fi­nite El­e­ment Method solver; par­ti­cle mo­tion through the field can then be found by nu­mer­i­cal in­te­gra­tion, using (for ex­am­ple) OPERA, or ZGOUBI. How­ev­er, by ob­tain­ing an an­a­lyt­i­cal de­scrip­tion of the mag­net­ic field (by fit­ting a Fouri­er-Bessel se­ries to the nu­mer­i­cal data) and using a dif­fer­en­tial al­ge­bra code, such as COSY, to in­te­grate the equa­tions of mo­tion, it is pos­si­ble to pro­duce a dy­nam­i­cal map in Tay­lor form. This has the ad­van­tage that, after once com­put­ing the dy­nam­i­cal map, mul­ti-turn track­ing is far more ef­fi­cient than re­peat­ed­ly per­form­ing nu­mer­i­cal in­te­gra­tions. Also, the dy­nam­i­cal map is small­er (in terms of com­put­er mem­o­ry) than the full mag­net­ic field map; this al­lows dif­fer­ent con­fig­u­ra­tions of the lat­tice, in terms of mag­net po­si­tions, to be rep­re­sent­ed very eas­i­ly using a set of dy­nam­i­cal maps, with in­ter­po­la­tion be­tween the co­ef­fi­cients in dif­fer­ent maps*

Are the Earth and the Moon compositionally alike? Inferences on lunar composition and implications for lunar origin and evolution from geophysical modeling

The main objective of the present study is to discuss in detail the results obtained from an inversion of the Apollo lunar seismic data set, lunar mass, and moment of inertia. We inverted directly for lunar chemical composition and temperature using the model system CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. Using Gibbs free energy minimization, stable mineral phases at the temperatures and pressures of interest, their modes and physical properties are calculated. We determine the compositional range of the oxide elements, thermal state, Mg#, mineralogy and physical structure of the lunar interior, as well as constraining core size and density. The results indicate a lunar mantle mineralogy that is dominated by olivine and orthopyroxene ( 80 vol%), with the remainder being composed of clinopyroxene and an aluminous phase (plagioclase, spinel, and garnet present in the depth ranges 0–150 km, 150–200 km, and >200 km, respectively). This model is broadly consistent with constraints on mantle mineralogy derived from the experimental and observational study of the phase lationships and trace element compositions of lunar mare basalts and picritic glasses. In particular, by melting a typical model mantle composition using the pMELTS algorithm, we found that a range of batch melts generated from these models have features in common with low Ti mare basalts and picritic glasses. Our results also indicate a bulk lunar composition and Mg# different to that of the Earth’s upper mantle, represented by the pyrolite composition. This difference is reflected in a lower bulk lunar Mg# ( 0.83). Results also indicate a small iron-like core with a radius around 340 km.The Carlsberg Foundation, NER

Association between pretreatment haemoglobin levels and morphometric characteristics of the tumour, response to neoadjuvant treatment and long-term outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancers

Aim The study was carried out to investigate whether pretreatment haemoglobin (Hb) levels act as a biomar- ker in the management of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Method\ud We prospectively collected data on all patients within our cancer network with localized low rectal cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy/chemora- diotherapy at Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer Treat- ment between March 1994 and July 2008. Pretreatment Hb level was assessed as an independent variable for the whole study sample and dichotomised at a value of 12 g/dl. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted on parameters that had significant association on univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and cor- relational (Kendall tau/Pearson) analyses. Kaplan – Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine significant prognostic markers. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results 463 patients (male/female 2:1; median age = 66 years, interquartile range = 56.5 – 73.0) were included in the analysis. There was significant tumour response of T stage ( P < 0.001) and N stage ( P < 0.001), with 17.6% of patients achieving a pathological complete response. Pretreatment Hb value was inversely related to the craniocaudal vertical tumour length ( P = 0.02) and pretreatment T stage of the tumour ( P = 0.01). Patients with Hb levels of < 12 g/dl and moderately differenti- ated adenocarcinoma were less responsive. Local recur- rence was more common in patients with a pretreatment Hb of < 12 g/dl (hazard ratio = 1.78) over a median follow up of 24 months, but this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.08). Conclusion The pretreatment Hb level might be used as a biomarker of rectal tumour morphology, response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation and risk of local recur- renc