A space efficient flexible pivot selection approach to evaluate determinant and inverse of a matrix

This paper presents new approaches for finding the determinant and inverse of a matrix. The choice of pivot selection is kept arbitrary and can be made according to the users need. So the ill conditioned matrices can be handled easily. The algorithms are more efficient as they save unnecessary data storage by reducing the order of the matrix after each iteration in the computation of determinant and incorporating dictionary notation (Chvatal, 1983) in the computation of inverse matrix. These algorithms are highly class room oriented and unlike the matrix inversion method (Khan, Shah, & Ahmad, 2010) the presented algorithm does not need any kind of permutations or inverse permutations

Taxonomy and Distribution of Butterflies (Papilionoidea) of the Skardu Region, Pakistan

A study was conducted in six different localities around Skardu, Pakistan to document the butterfly fauna of that region. The study revealed that 16 species in 5 families and 14 genera occur in the area. The families include: Papilionidae (represented only by the genus Parnassius); Pieridae (genera Pieris, Pontia, and Colias are represented); Lycaenidae (genera Lycaena, Everes, Aricia, Plebejus, Zizeeria, and Zizina are represented); Nymphalidae (only two genera, Aglais and Cynthia are represented); and Satyridae (represented by the genera Pararge and Maniola)

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension; three case reports with similar clinical manifestations, treated successfully using different management techniques.

Spontaneous Intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare neurological disorder, characterized by orthostatic headaches. Due to the complicity of its diagnosis and lack of awareness amongst physicians, SIH remains an under-diagnosed disease and its true prevalence remains unknown. It is a reversible condition, if diagnosed early. Delay in diagnosis can result in life threatening complications.Case Reports:We present a case series of three patients who presented with typical symptoms of SIH. But management course of each patient varied. The first patient responded well to the EBP (epidural blood patch) while the second improved with conventional symptomatic treatment. The third patient needed a surgical intervention for complication developed due to SIH. This case series hence covers a variety of treatment options for patients with SIH.Conclusion:SIH is an emerging challenge for neurologists worldwide. Awareness amongst physicians regarding this disease along with a high level of suspicion and good history skills will allow early diagnosis of the disease and prevent delay in treatment and hence complications

Gastric Outlet Obstruction – An Etiological Breakup

To evaluate the etiology of gastricoutlet obstruction in Pakistani population.Methods: In this descriptive study patients withgastric outlet obstruction were included .All patientsincluded in the study received intravenous fluidsand electrolytes to correct dehydration andelectrolyte imbalance. Nasogastric suction withgastric lavage was done. Diagnosis was establishedby UGI endoscopy and biopsy and was supported byCT scan and barium studies where required.Results: The total number of patients was 39 with19 males (48.7%) and 20 females(51.3%). The age ofpatients ranged from 15 years to 70 years. The meanage was 43.41 ±16.57. The most common pathologyleading to gastric outlet obstruction was malignancy,in 21 (53.8%) patients whereas 18 patients (46.2%)had benign disease. Among the malignancies, gastriccarcinoma was the most common disease affecting 14patients (35.9%) and among the benign diseases,caustic injury induced stenosis was the mostcommon, involving 14 patients (35.9%). Pancreaticcarcinoma was found in 3 patients (7.7%) and pepticulcer disease in 4 patients (10.3%).Conclusion: Gastric outlet obstruction is a seriousand difficult to manage problem. Malignancy wasthe most common cause (53.8%) of gastric outletobstruction. Post caustic gastric outlet obstructionhas emerged as the second most common(35.9%)cause. Caustic stricture leading to gastric outletobstruction is emerging as a serious health care issuein developing countries, especially among youngfemales with poor socioeconomic status

Characterization of clay filled poly (butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites prepared by solution blending

Abstract Kaolin clay/poly (butylene terephthalate) (clay/PBT) composites films were prepared by solution casting technique. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) study showed that clay particles were well dispersed and embedded within the PBT matrix. The TGA thermograms showed that the thermal stability of PBT matrix was slightly improved by the incorporation of clay into the polymer matrix. The polarized optical microscopy (POM) study presented that the size of spherulites of PBT was decreased by the incorporation of clay into matrix, which might be due to nucleation effect of kaolin clay. The tensile strength and modulii of PBT polymer matrix were also significantly improved by the addition of clay polymer matrix. The solvent uptake study showed that the uptake of various solvents by clay/PBT nanocomposite were lower than neat PBT

Abstract A Face Detection System using Neural Network Approach

Detecting faces in images with different complex backgrounds and variation of the face in images is a complex job. In this paper, we present a neural network based upright frontal face detection system. In neural network based face detection approach, the neural network examines an incremental small window of an image to decide if there is a face contained in each window. To decrease the amount of time needed for detection, the algorithm is enhanced by processing the image before it is fed to the network. This result in even better performance as probability of error is considerably reduced. 1