An Account of the Rise and Fall of the Australian Cameleering Industry, 1830-1930

The Australian cameleering industry, which thrived in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, played a crucial role in the exploration of the Australian outback, and development of the mineral riches of the new colony. The Australian cameleering industry emerged at that time as one of the most thriving and profitable businesses in Australia. It presents a unique scenario whereby immigrants not only came with highly sought after and locally scarce skills but they also brought their own lucrative transport ‘technology’, camels, to their adopted country. This paper intends to open up the aforementioned industry to the Australian business history scholarship. This paper presents an account of key events of the Australian cameleering industry, in order to elicit feedback for further developing theoretical frameworks for that aspect of hitherto inadequately investigated Australian history. Two possible lines of investigation would be specifically elaborated for feedback from business history colleagues. First, the paper traces the rise and ultimate demise of the industry in the wake of the introduction of mechanised transport in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; is there a story of an industry going through its life cycle, which could be a good teaching case study in business history? Second, the paper also highlights the dynamics of the cartage industry of that time in terms of the clash between the interests of the powerful and unionised industry incumbents ( the horse and bullock drawn cartage) and the economically more efficient but less politically influential new entrants (the camel carriers). Could this clash of various industry actors also inform policy making on contemporary issues on optimum regulatory responses to managing the interests of various industry actors?The symposium is organised on behalf of AAHANZBS by the Business and Labour History Group, The University of Sydney, with the financial support of the University’s Faculty of Economics and Business

Doctors’ Knowledge of Hypertension Guidelines Recommendations Reflected in Their Practice

Aim. To evaluate doctors’ knowledge, attitude, and practices and predictors of adherence to Malaysian hypertension guidelines (CPG 2008). Methods. Twenty-six doctors involved in hypertension management at Penang General Hospital were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Doctors’ knowledge and attitudes towards guidelines were evaluated through a self-administered questionnaire. Their practices were evaluated by noting their prescriptions written to 520 established hypertensive outpatients (20 prescriptions/doctor). SPSS 17 was used for data analysis. Results. Nineteen doctors (73.07%) had adequate knowledge of guidelines. Specialists and consultants had significantly better knowledge about guidelines’ recommendations. Doctors were positive towards guidelines with mean attitude score of 23.15±1.34 points on a 30-point scale. The median number of guidelines compliant prescriptions was 13 (range 5–20). Statistically significant correlation (rs = 0.635, P<0.001) was observed between doctors’ knowledge and practice scores. A total of 349 (67.1%) prescriptions written were guidelines compliant. In multivariate analysis hypertension clinic (OR = 0.398, P=0.008), left ventricular hypertrophy (OR = 0.091, P=0.001) and heart failure (OR = 1.923, P=0.039) were significantly associated with guidelines adherence. Conclusion. Doctors’ knowledge of guidelines is reflected in their practice. The gap between guidelines recommendations and practice was seen in the pharmacotherapy of uncomplicated hypertension and hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy, renal disease, and diabetes mellitus

Frequency of Distribution and Relationship of Nail Changes and Oral Mucosal Involvement in Classical Lichen Planus (LP)

Introduction: LP is an itchy dermatosis. It is of different types with classical LP being a common type. It most commonly affects the skin of the limbs, however, it can affect the mucous membranes, genitals and nails as well. Materials and Methods: 100 patients of classical LP presenting in Dermatology OPD of Benazir Bhutto Hospital were enrolled to assess the involvement of nails and oral mucosa in the disease. Statistical Analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Results: Out of 100 patients, 70% were free from any oral mucosal or nail involvement, whereas, 7% had both oral mucosal as well as nail involvement with classical LP. 18% had oral mucosa affected but nails spared and only 5% had nails affected without oral mucous membrane involvement with the diseases. 25% had oral mucosal involvement with reticular pattern being most common type and 12% showed nail changes with longitudinal ridging being the most common. Fisher’s exact test computed a two tailed p value of 0.0093 showing a significant association of nail changes in classical LP with oral mucosal involvement. Conclusion: Classical LP is an itchy condition which most commonly affects the skin, mucous membranes and nails. However, if oral mucous membranes are involved, the risk of having nails affected by the disease is quite significant. The distribution frequency of nail and oral mucosal changes as well as their predominant subtypes associated with classical LP in South Asians is comparable with rest of the world &amp; other types of L

Epidemiological And Clinical Outcomes Of Tuberculosis With Its Co-Morbidities In General Population And In Prisons In Malaysia

The threat of tuberculosis (TB) seemed to have become increasingly looming with the fatal combination of co-morbid conditions like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes mellitus (DM) and hepatitis. Ancaman penyakit tuberkulosis (TB) menunjukkan peningkatan yang ketara dengan ancaman kematian kepada kombinasi TB dengan status komobiditi seperti Virus Kurang Daya Tahan Penyakit (HIV)-Sindrom Daya Kurang Tahan Penyakit (AIDS), diabetes mellitus (DM) dan penyakit hepatitis

Status of wonder women: challenges for young future women entrepreneurs in Pakistan

Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face numerous difficulties in their successful business career and poses unusual status and intensity. These challenges affect women entrepreneurs differently depending on diverse situations. This study is aimed to shed light on the challenges affecting women to get success in business and to point out the issues faced by them while being entrepreneurs. It highlighted the challenges confronted by Pakistani business women and to open discussion which may empower researchers to get the clear scenario of occupations and industry down to the four-digit code. Gathering primary data from Labor Force Survey,(2014-15), UN Women, (2016), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.(2015),The little data book on financial inclusion, (2015), Women Economic Participation and Empowerment Status Report, (2016-2015), this study provides recommendations, assisting the federal and provincial agencies to introduce women friendly laws to reduce gender biases as well as to take notes on gender -specific measure to ease the business environment for women in Pakistan

An Insight into the Lynch Syndrome: Retrospective Study of the Pattern of Presentation and Management of Lynch Syndrome in Pakistan

Introduction: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the baseline characteristics of Lynch syndrome (LS). Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate overall survival (OS) among patients with LS. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of colorectal cancer patients registered from January 2010 to August 2020 with an immunohistochemical diagnosis of LS. Results: A total of 42 patients were assessed. The mean age at presentation was 44 years, with male predominance (78%). Demographic preponderance was from the North of Pakistan (52.4%). The family history was positive in 32 (76.2%) patients. The colonic cancer distribution was 32 (76.2%) on the right side. Most of the patients presented with Stage II disease (52.4%), and the common mutations were MLH1 + PMS2 16 (38.1%) followed by MSH2 + MSH6 9 (21.4%). The 10-year OS was found to be 88.1%. However, the OS was 100% post pancolectomy. Conclusion: LS is prevalent in the Pakistan population, especially in the North of Pakistan. Clinical presentation and survivals are similar to the Western population

Commentary: Outbreak of Chikungunya in Pakistan

Rauf et al. in their recent correspondence in “Lancet Infectious Diseases” reported the first chikungunya outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan with 30,000 suspected and 4,000 confirmed cases (1). However, these estimates have been denied in a subsequent report by the National Institute of Health (NIH) indicating 818 suspected and 82 laboratory-confirmed cases of chikungunya (2). Rauf and colleagues have highlighted warm climate and wretched sanitary conditions as contributing factors of current outbreak and urge national and international health-organizations to address these momentous issues (1). We agree that climatic features and sanitation issues potentially lead to vector proliferation and the importance of these concerns cannot be disregarded. However, we felt inclined to share our point of view about the recent outbreak of chikungunya in Pakistan. We believe that there are some more important factors that should be considered as causes of this outbreak and must be addressed by the Government of Pakistan in haste to quell the further disease spillover. One of these factors is unchecked cross-border movements between Pakistan and India

Status of Wonder Women: Challenges for Young Future Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan

Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face numerous difficulties in their successful business career and poses unusual status and intensity. These challenges affect women entrepreneurs differently depending on diverse situations. This study aimed is to shed light on the challenges affecting women to get success in business and to point out the issues faced by them while being entrepreneurs. It highlighted the challenges confronted by Pakistani business women and to open discussion which may empower researchers to get the clear scenario of occupations and industry down to the four-digit code. Gathering secondary data from Labor Force Survey-2014-15, UN Women (2016), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 2015, the little data book on financial inclusion 2015, Women Economic Participation and Empowerment Status Report, (2016-2015), this study provides recommendations assisting the federal and provincial agencies to introduce women friendly laws to reduce gender biases as well as to take note on gender specific measure to ease the business environment for women in Pakistan.

Psychometric Properties of the Urdu Version of Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire

Objective: Patient education is a key element in the treatment of diabetes. Assessment of diabetes knowledge is important for optimum treatment. For the assessment of diabetes knowledge, validated tool is essential. None of such validated tool is available in Urdu language. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and examine the psychometric properties of the 24-item Urdu version of Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) among type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: Standard “forward–backward” process was used to translate DKQ into Urdu language. Later, it was validated on a convenience sample of 130 patients with type 2 diabetes, between July and September 2016. Internal consistency was assessed by reliability analysis, one-way analysis of variance was applied for known group validity and multivariate linear logistic regression was applied for identifying significant predictors for patients’ DKQ score. results: Good internal consistency was observed for DKQ (Cronbach’s α = 0.702). The mean HbA1c of the patients was 8.55% (±1.91). DKQ scores of patients’ with “good glycemic control” (14.22 ± 2.4) were observed significantly higher (P < 0.05) than patients with “poor glycemic control” (12.56 ± 2.75). Multiple linear regression revealed that patients’ HbA1c (OR −0.17, CI −1.111, −0.023) and patients’ education (OR 0.17, CI −0.032, 0.758) were significant predictors for DKQ sum score. conclusion: Urdu version of the DKQ is a valid and reliable instrument for adequate estimation of disease knowledge and its association with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients in Pakistan