Impact of Supply of Money on Food and General Price Indices: A Case of Pakistan

The paper probed the impact of supply of money on food and general price indices by estimating a series of equations taking CPI food, CPI general, WPI food, WPI general, GDP deflator and SPI as measures of inflation and M1, M2 and M3 supply of money as explanatory variables. For analysis, OLS technique is used covering time series data for the years 1975-76 to 2006-07 that was made stationary by Durbin-Watson criterion. AR (1) is used to check autocorrelation. The results for CPI food, CPI general, WPI general, GDP deflator and SPI show that they are negatively related with M1 supply of money. CPI food, CPI general, WPI general, GDP deflator, and SPI are also negatively related with M2 supply of money. The results show that CPI food, CPI general, WPI general, GDP deflator and SPI are positively related with M3 supply of money. It may be concluded that supply of money M1 and M2 affects the food and general indices in the same way. However, M1 supply of money affects the CPI general strongly than CPI food.Inflation, Money supply, Consumer Price Index, Food prices, Sensitive Price Indicator.

Economic Analysis of Impact of Foreign Exchange on Trade Balance Sector of Pakistan

The present study investigates the impact of exchange rate movements on the level of exports and imports in Pakistan. The study based on time series both annual as well as quarterly data. Annual data covers a period about 40 years, starting from 1970-2012, whereas, quarterly data focuses from 2000 to 2012. Johnson co-integration techniques were employed for the estimation of quarterly observations. It reveals through the results that at first Pakistan’s trade volume with developed countries including U.S.A, U.K and Europe. Later on, mixture of Pakistan exports and imports improved over the time. A larger proportion of primary goods replaced with semi manufacturing and manufacturing goods, whereas, imports of capital goods, consumer goods and petroleum products widened. The nature of response of export and import to exchange rate dynamic supports the theoretical background being low price elastic. Alternatively, if value of rupees fall against dollar, then the magnitude of import bill rises more as compared to export bill. The study suggests that Pakistan should reduce the concentration of trade with few countries and diversify its trade. Similarly, the lower base of commodities may increase to a number of other commodities. Keywords: BoP, VAR, Co-integration, Unit root, Augmented Dickey fuller, Corrollogram

Industrial Sector Input Demand Responsiveness and Policy Interventions

In Pakistan, government intervention in the input market of the industrial sector is considerable. It regulates prices of virtually all energy and certain other non-labour inputs. To stimulate industrial production and output growth, it also encourages the provision of extended credit facilities to the industrial producers. Further, it has also often announced adjustments/reductions in duties and tariffs on products used in industrial production. Conversely, government also imposes taxes on outputs. It may desire to levy new taxes on the industrial inputs. All interventions have profound implications for producers, consumers and the government alike. Therefore, it is important to know how they may affect the industrial input demand. Further, it is equally important to know how effective they may be for the government in the realisation of its objectives. The most pertinent approach to ascertain the industrial input demand responsiveness to government interventions is to obtain valid estimates of price elasticities. In fact, competent elasticity estimates of the producer input demand derived with a sound methodology can serve as a solid basis to predict producer responsiveness to market changes and thereby the effectiveness and desirability of government interventions. While the price elasticities of products over the years have been estimated for Pakistan, renewed interest on estimating responsiveness of producer input demand with modern estimation procedures has recently surged. Idrees (1997) and Khan (1998) have determined elasticities for the domestic large-scale manufacturing sector from a demand system. Although these research studies make a good addition to the literature, their scope is extremely limited because they have combined industrial inputs into large aggregates. At present, there is no study that has investigated the input demand elasticities of the domestic industrial sector at the dis-aggregated level.

The Impacts of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Organizational Performance: Study of Pakistani SMEs

Entrepreneurial orientation has been the area of interest by many researchers in the field of entrepreneurship and management. However, empirical evidences reveal that most of these studies have been conducted in developed countries and have reported mixed results. Analyses on the subject in developing countries are lacking. This study investigates the role of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. This study used survey data from a random sample of 213 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) located in Sialkot region, Province of Punjab Pakistan. The findings support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial orientation associates with firm performance. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by taking EO as five dimensional construct (innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy) rather three dimensional construct. and organizational performance comprising of non financial indicators such as customer satisfaction, employees satisfaction, service quality, innovation and growth. The study offers suggestions to policy makers and future directions

Intelligent Agent for detection of ATM Theft

ATM service is considered as more profitable service of a bank. There are many pre caution have been determined to use an ATM but still some threats are face by customer to use an ATM, such as existence of another person with a customer will be encountered as threat for ATM. The focus of this paper is to design the architecture of an intelligent agent which incorporates with ATM agent to detect the existence of unknown person with customer and takes some safety steps for customer. Finally proposed intelligent can be enhanced to detect the more theft face by customer of ATM

Call census, habitat suitability modeling and local communities’ perceptions for the conservation of a globally threatened avian flagship species

The Western tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) is recorded in the IUCN Red List of 2017 as a Vulnerable bird species in Pakistan.  This study was conducted to investigate and resolve the conservation challenges surrounding the species in two major habitat zones - Salkhala Game Reserve and Machiara National Park. The study was arranged in May-June 2020 for the call count census. Local residents’ perceptions and a habitat suitability map were developed for the species using MaxEnt model based on previously recorded occurrence points as well as recorded in the survey. A total of 26 western Tragopans were identified by call count during the sampling period. Results of modeling habitat suitability of the Western tragopan showed that the species suitable habitats are small and patchy in Pakistan. We found that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with 40.6 percent contribution was the most important variable in shaping the species distribution. Our model identified some new suitable patches which can be the target of future field monitoring for finding new populations of the species. This study provides valuable information for conservation of Western tragopan a globally threatened avian flagship species in Pakistan

CAUSES OF DELAY IN THE EXECUTION PHASE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN KHYBER PUKHTOONKHWA PAKISTAN

Construction phase is the big problem in large construction business in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The construction of large industry plays important role for economy growth, development and evolution in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Delay causes a wide range of negative impact on construction projects. Current research focuses on the main flaws which impart delay in projects in sight of various industrial stakeholders which are clients, consultants and contractors. Current study is intended to identify and evaluate the factors causing delay and effects of delays in construction projects of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. The survey was conducted through validated questionnaire from structured interview and pilot survey to collect the responses on the causes of delay and delay effects. Client, consultants, and contractors were asked by questionnaire on the causes and effects of the delays. To analyze the data, statistical formula used to calculate the importance of the causes and effects of the delay through Relative important index (RII). After the outcome of the research fifteen (15) factors to cause delays and nine (9) factors of the effects of delays are examined. The top ranked of the reasons for the delays is the lack of Fund to finance the project to completion. While the top ranked of the effects of the delays is time overrun. By adding weight to these factors of trust in the people of the province will be restored to the correct way of mega-projects. Also provide these crucial attention factors, projects can be abstained from more than budgeting and will be useful to gain time and work area.Â