3-Diazo-1,4-Diphenyl-4-Hydroxy-2-Butanone: Preparation and Reactions

The recent reports of intramolecular Aldol, Dieckman and alkyla- 16 21 tion reactions of diazomethyl ketones by Burkoth and Woolsey have demonstrated that under proper conditions diazomethyl ketones will undergo normal base-catalyzed reactions. Similar intermolecular condensation reactions of diazomethyl ketones, however, have apparently not been in-, vestigated . The purpose of the present work was to investigate the possibility of intermolecular base-catalyzed alkylation and aldol-type condensations of diazomethyl ketones of the type RCH^COCHN^ . The reactions of the hydroxydiazo ketone adducts resulting from aldol condensation and which are generally not available, would also be of interest. The initial work with l-diazo-2-butanone (3 5) and benzaldehyde revealed that condensation took place preferentially at the diazo carbon to give 2-diazo- 1-hydroxy-l-phenyl-3-pentanone (4 1) as a viscous liquid. However, further work on this compound was abandoned in favor of l-diazo-3-phenyl-2-propanone (36). When diazo ketone 3_6 was treated with benzaldehyde, the condensation once again occurred at the diazo carbon and resulted in the formation of 3-diazo-l,4-diphenyl-4-hydroxy-2-butanone (42). Irradiation of the hydroxydiazo ketone 42_ in benzene or methanol below 50° gave 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butanedione (43) . The dione 43 was also the only product isolated from the pyrolysis of 42. in refluxing chlorobenzene Treatment of the hydroxydiazo ketone 42. with hydrogen chloride gas gave 20% of the dione 43. and 31% of 3-chloro-l, 4-diphenyl-4- hydroxy-2-butanone (44). Similarly when treated with hydrogen bromide gas, 42. gave 10% of the dione 43. and 45% of 3-bromo-l, 4-diphenyl-4- hydroxy-2-butanone (45). The structures of 44. and 45. rests on the physical data and the reduction of 45. to 2-bromo-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butanediol (49). The nmr spectrum of the diol 4jl unequivocally determined the point of attachment of the halogen

Sidelobe Nulling by Optimizing Selected Elements in the Linear and Planar Arrays

Currently, there are significant interests in the antenna arrays that are composed of a large number of elements controlled by an appropriate optimizer for the next generation of wireless communication systems, where the massive multiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) systems are expected to play a major role in such systems. On the other hand, the interfering signals which are expected to rise dramatically in these applications due to the crowded spectrum represent a real challenging issue that limits and causes great degradation in their performances. To achieve an optimum performance, these antenna arrays should be optimized and designed to have maximum gain, narrow beam width, and very low sidelobes or deep nulls. Toward achieving this goal, the overall array performance can be either electronically controlling the design parameters, such as amplitude and/or phase excitations of the individual elements, or mechanically controlling the element positions. This chapter discusses techniques proposed for sidelobe nulling by optimizing the excitations and positions of selected elements in the linear and planar arrays

Characterization of Contamination Around the Largest Lead Smelter in Egypt Carried Out Through a Cooperation Program between USA and Egypt

The Government of Egypt together USAID aimed to reduce the impact of lead smelters on the environment. The major site was in Shoubra El-Kheima, where the Awadulla Secondary Lead Smelter is situated.  The Awadulla Family Company owns about 70% of the lead smelters in Egypt. This work presents the results and conclusions of a detailed on-site and off-site contaminant characterization of the Awadulla Secondary Lead Smelter.    As part of the characterization of the smelter site, soil and dust samples were collected within and near the smelter using two methods. The first consisted of collecting bulk dust and soil samples from the floor and ground in the direct vicinity of the smelter. The second involved using wet wipes to collect dust samples from walls, smooth floors, duct work, window and ledges.  The results indicate that the most contaminated soils can be found in industrial areas and on public streets in Shoubra El-Kheima. The highest lead concentrations of more than 780,000 mg.kg-1 were found inside the smelter site. Concentrations at the El-Mahy Smelter nearby reached 302,275 mg.kg-1. Residential areas had considerably lower lead levels in soil and dust.  Samples of surface water and groundwater were collected and tested for lead contamination.  Only three samples had lead concentrations above detection limits, indicating water contamination is not a problem. The maximum area affected by deposition of lead from the Awadulla smelter appears to be no more than 500 m all around the smelter. The plan calls for moving the smelters to a new industrial area called Abu Zaabal.  This move will leave behind existing structures that are highly contaminated with lead dust.  El Gobierno egipcio, junto con USAID (Agencia Estadounidense Para el Desarrollo Internacional), pretendía reducir el impacto de los hornos de fundición de plomo sobre el medio ambiente. El emplazamiento principal está en Shoubra El-Kheima, donde se encuentra el horno de fundición de plomo secundario de Awadulla. La empresa de la familia Awadulla posee aproximadamente el 70% de los hornos de fundición de plomo en Egipto. Este trabajo presenta los resultados y las conclusiones de un detallado estudio de caracterización de contaminantes en el emplazamiento y fuera del emplazamiento del horno de fundición de plomo secundario de Awadulla. Como parte de la caracterización del emplazamiento del horno de fundición, se recogieron muestras de terreno y de polvo dentro de y cerca del horno de fundición usando dos métodos. Por una parte, se recogieron muestras de polvo y de terreno a granel del suelo y la tierra en las inmediaciones directas del horno de fundición y por otra, se recogieron muestras de polvo de paredes, suelos lisos, canalizaciones, ventanas y repisas utilizando toallitas húmedas. Los resultados indican que los terrenos más contaminados se encuentran en zonas industriales y en calles públicas en Shoubra El-Kheima. Las concentraciones más elevadas, de más de 780.000 mg/kg, están dentro del emplazamiento del horno de fundición. Las concentraciones en el cercano horno de fundición de El-Mahy eran de 302.275 mg/kg. Las zonas residenciales mostraron niveles de plomo considerablemente inferiores en terreno y polvo. Se recogieron muestras de agua superficial y agua subterránea y se les realizaron pruebas para detectar contaminación por plomo. Solamente tres muestras presentaban concentraciones de plomo por encima de los límites de detección, indicando que la contaminación del agua no supone un problema. El área máxima afectada por deposición de plomo procedente del horno de fundición de Awadulla parece no ser superior a 500 metros alrededor del horno de fundición. El plan requiere trasladar los hornos de fundición a una nueva zona industrial llamada Abu Zaabal. Este traslado dejará atrás estructuras existentes que están altamente contaminadas con polvo de plomo.En collaboration avec l'USAID, le Gouvernement égyptien a élaboré un projet visant à réduire l'impact des fonderies de plomb sur l'environnement. La principale fonderie concernée était l'Awadulla Secondary Lead Smelter située à Shoubra El-Kheima. L'Awadulla Family Company détient environ 70 % des fonderies de plomb en Egypte. Cet article présente les résultats et les conclusions d'une étude de caractérisation de contaminants sur site et hors site menée sur le site de l'Awadulla Secondary Lead Smelter. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des échantillons de terre et de poussière ont été recueillis dans et à proximité de la fonderie selon deux méthodes. La première méthode a consisté à recueillir des échantillons en vrac de poussière et de terre sur le sol de la fonderie et à proximité immédiate de celle-ci. La seconde méthode a consisté à recueillir des échantillons de poussière sur les murs, les sols lisses, les conduites, les fenêtres et les rebords de celles-ci, à l'aide de chiffons humides. Les résultats ont indiqué que les sols les plus contaminés étaient localisés dans les zones industrielles et les rues de Shoubra El-Kheima. Les plus fortes concentrations, supérieures à 780 000 mg/kg, ont été relevées sur le site même de la fonderie. Des concentrations de 302 275 mg/kg ont été constatées à la fonderie voisine d'El-Mahy. Les zones résidentielles ont affiché des taux de plomb nettement plus faibles dans le sol et la poussière. Des échantillons des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines ont été recueillis et analysés afin de déterminer la contamination au plomb. Seuls trois échantillons ont présenté des concentrations en plomb supérieures aux limites de détection, indiquant que la contamination de l'eau n'était pas inquiétante. Le périmètre touché par des dépôts de plomb de la fonderie Awadulla semble être de 500 mètres autour de la fonderie maximum. Le programme préconise le déplacement des fonderies dans une nouvelle zone industrielle dénommée Abu Zaabal. Cela implique l'abandon des structures existantes fortement contaminées par de la poussière de plomb

A Comparative Study of Serum Amyloid A2 with Anti-cyclic Citrullinated Peptide antibody in the prognosis of a Group of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Iraq

Abstract:         Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by joint inflammation and the presence of autoantibodies, mostly Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACCP) which are released when the body loses its ability to distinguish between self and foreign molecules. Serum amyloid A2 (SAA2) is an acute phase protein produced in response to inflammatory conditions including RA. Objectives: To investigate the prognostic ability of SAA2 in comparison with ACCP and the prediction of disease activity and response to treatment by Methotrexate and Etanercept in Iraqi RA patients.   Patients and methods: A case control study, on a total of 150 individuals; 100 patients and 50 healthy controls. The study was carried out between November 2021 to February 2022 in Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The patients were recruited according to the American College of Rheumatology 2010 criteria. The biomarkers’ levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The levels of ACCP and SAA2 in RA patients were significantly higher compared to healthy controls (p0.05) but significantly from those who have received etanercept (p≤0.02). A significant positive correlation was found between ACCP and SAA2 (r=0.553, p<0.001), with the sensitivity being (72%, 97%) and the specificity being (98%, 84%) respectively. Conclusion: ACCP and SAA2 have promising prognostic ability and disease activity prediction of RA with response to treatment (Methotrexate, Etanercept).

In Situ Hybridization for Molecular Detection of Human Papilloma Viral 6 / 11 DNA in Adenoctomized Tissues from A group of Iraqi Pediatric Patients

هنالك أكثر من 200 من الأنماط الجينية لفايروس الورمي الحليمي البشري والتي تم التعرف عليها من خلال  الترابط مابين الانماط الجينية ذات الاختطار الواطئ للفايروس الحليمي البشري مع مجموعة متنوعة من الأورام الفموية والبلعوم والبلعوم الأنفي وكذلك الأورام الحليمية غير الخبيثة  وتضخم الغدة. هدفت هذه الدراسة  من نوع الاستقصائية- السيطرة إلى تحديد الحمض النووي للفيروس الورمي الحليمي البشري 6/11 في انسجة الغدد البلعومية الأنفية واللوزتين لمجموعة من المرضى الذين يخضعون لاستئصال اللوزتين. تم الحصول على 60عينة من أنسجة اللوزتين الأنفية البلعومية من الأطفال الذين يعانون من تضخم اللوزتين الغدي, تضمنت 40 من أنسجة اللوزتين الأنفية البلعومية للمرضى الذين يعانون من تضخم غدي ، و 20 عينة نسجية من الأطفال  بعد عمليات التشذيب للانسجة الأنفية السفلية بدون  تغييرات مرضية ملحوظة (كمجموعة  سيطرة). تم اجراء الكشف الجزيئي عن الحامض النووي للفيروس الورمي الحليمي البشري نمط 6\11 باستخدام تقنية التهجين الموضعي ذات الحساسية العالية في عينات الأنسجة الضخمة الغدية ز تم العثور على 8 من أصل 40 تحتوي على نتائج إيجابية للحمض النووي للفيروس الحليمي البشري 6\11 حيث شكلت 20 ٪ من إجمالي الأنسجة الغدية البلعومية الأنفية.بينما لاتوجد أي اشارة موجبة للحامض النووي للفايروس الحليمي البشري نمط 6\11 في مجموعة السيطرة. أظهر التحليل الإحصائي للنتائج في هذا البحث اختلافًا كبيرًا مقارنةً  مابين مجموعتي المرضى والسيطرة عند مستوى احتمالية اقل او يساوي 5%. يمكن أن يلعب فيروس الورم الحليمي البشري ذات الاختطار الواطئ في تلك الأنسجة الغدية المتضخمة دورًا في التسبب في الأمراض و / أو يشكل عامل  لانتشار العدوى الفيروسية للانسجة الاخرىAmong more than 200 different human papilloma viral genotypes, the association of low oncogenic risk-HPV genotypes have been recognized with a variety of oral, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal benign tumors as well as non-neoplastic polyposis and papillomas and adenoid hypertrophy. This prospective case- control study aims to determine the rate of DNA detection of HPV genotype 6/11 in nasopharyngeal adeno- tonsillar tissues from a group of patients subjected to adenoctomy for adenoid hypertrophy . A total number of nasopharyngeal adeno-tonsillar tissue specimens from pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy were enrolled; 40 nasopharyngeal adeno-tonsillar tissues from patients with adenoid hypertrophy, and 20 normal nasal tissue specimens were obtained from pediatric patients following trimming operations of their inferior nasal turbinates' with unremarkable pathological changes (as an apparently healthy control group). The molecular detection methods for HPV detection were performed by using DNA probes via a recent version of chromogenic in situ hybridization specified for low- risk HPV genotypes.  Among total adenoid hypertrophied tissue specimens group, 8 out of 40 were found to contain positive results for DNA of HPV 6 / 11 genotype, constituting 20% of the total screened nasopharyngeal adenotonsillar tissues. No positive– CISH reactions were detected in the control nasal tissues. The statistical analysis of results in this research showed significant difference when compared to the control apparently healthy tissues.   The significant rate of low- oncogenic HPV genotypes detection in those adenoid hypertrophied tissues could play, in part, a role in their pathogenesis and / or constituting a herald focus for the spread of such important virally transmitted infection

Spectral Fletcher-Reeves Algorithm for Solving Non-Linear Unconstrained Optimization Problems

Abstract The non-linear conjugate gradient method is a very useful technique for solving Large-Scale minimization problems and has wide applications in many fields . In this paper, we present a new spectral type, a non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm the derivatation of this algorithm is based on Fletcher -Reeves and Newton algorithm, the descent property for the suggested algorithm is proved provided that the step size satisfies the Wolfe conditions. Numerical results show that the new algorithm is efficient in practical computation and superior to the Fletcher -Reervs algorithm in many situations. . ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻠﺨ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺭﺯﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ

Impact of Applying Fraud Detection and Prevention Instruments in Reducing Occupational Fraud: Case study: Ministry of Health (MOH) in Gaza Strip

The study aimed to identify the effect of applying detection and prevention tools for career fraud in combating and preventing fraud and reducing its risks through an applied study on Palestinian Ministry of Health in Gaza Strip, Palestine. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the questionnaire as a main tool to collect data, and the descriptive and analytical approach to conducting the study. The study population consisted of (501) supervisory employees working at MOH in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The researchers used the stratified random sample method and the multiple regression method to measure the effect. The study concluded a set of results, the most important of which is a positive evaluation among respondents about the levels of application of tools to detect and prevent job fraud within MOH, and the presence of a high interest in tools to prevent job fraud during the implementation of its various work. The study recommended the necessity for the Palestinian National Authority to develop and approve laws regulating health sector, so that those laws guarantee the prevention of conflicts of interest, especially for the category of doctors, by preventing job duplication of doctors working in the government sector. Also study recommended the need for MOH to adopt principles of health sector governance and begin immediately to implement them. This process to ensure transparency, disclosure and accountability in the business framework in a manner that realizes the effective protection of stakeholders and does not compromise or discriminate in the application of these principles, which ensures that all forms of job fraud are organized in an organized manner and within fixed legal frameworks

Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites

The increasing demand for new food packaging materials which satisfy people requirements provided thrust for advancement of nano-materials science. Inherent permeability of polymeric materials to gases and vapours; and poor barrier and mechanical properties of biopolymers have boosted interest in developing new strategies to improve these properties. Research and development in polymeric materials coupled with appropriate filler, matrix-filler interaction and new formulation strategies to develop composites have potential applications in food packaging. Advancement in food packaging materials expected to grow with the advent of cheap, renewable and sustainable materials with enhanced barrier and mechanical properties. Nanoparticles have proportionally larger surface area and significant aspect ratio than their micro-scale counterparts, which promotes the development of mechanical and barrier properties. Nanocomposites are attracting considerable interest in food packaging because of these fascinating features. On the other hand, natural fibres are susceptible to microorganisms and their biodegradability is one of the most promising aspects of their incorporation in polymeric materials. Present review article explain about different categories of nanoclay and natural fibre based composite with particular regard to its applications as packaging materials and also gives an overview of the most recent advances and emerging new aspects of nanotechnology for development of hybrid composites for environmentally compatible food packaging materials