An Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in Pakistan

Achieving economic growth is an important goal of any country. However, in recent years it has increasingly been realised that economic growth is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for human development. Pakistan provides a good example of a country which has historically enjoyed a respectable GDP growth rate and yet failed to translate this positive development into a satisfactory level of human development. Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan’s development policies have focused primarily on realising high economic growth and only incidentally on the task of providing social necessities. Such a process has given rise to a structure of production and distribution which has been only indirectly responsive to social goals. However, there is now a growing realisation that we could have done much better had we stressed human resource investments relatively more.

Characterization of Pakistani wheat germplasm for high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits using SDS-PAGE

High molecular weight (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight (LMW-GS) glutenin subunits play a significant role in bread making quality and extensibility, though they signify merely 10% and 40% of the entire seed storage proteins. For the estimation of bread quality on the basis of allelic difference in HMW-GS and LMW-GS at Glu-1 and 3 loci, wheat germplasm (77 genotypes) was collected from diverse agro-climatic regions of Pakistan and characterized by using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Thirty distinct allelic arrangements were identified with a sum of thirteen Glu-1 alleles. Maximum frequency of allele 1 was found in twenty-nine genotypes at Glu-A1 locus while high proportion of subunit pairs 13 + 16 and 2 + 12 was detected in 33 and 32 genotypes at Glu-B1 as well as Glu-D1 locus, respectively. Few rare alleles were also separated out. The quality scores ranged from 4–10, however highest quality score of ten was more recurrent (36.36%). A good quality score of 8 and 6 were found in 32.47% as well as 19.48% of genotypes individually. In LMW-GS, seventeen diverse combinations of alleles with aggregate of ten Glu-3 alleles were detected. Glu-A3c and Glu-B3d alleles were observed in 33 (42.85%) genotypes, encoding high sedimentation and protein contents. Hence, this will enable the breeders to utilize both glutenin subunits as biochemical indicator for selecting superior wheat genotypes possessing enhanced bread making quality

Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in Pakistan

This study attempts to analyse the priorities accorded to Education by the federal as well as the provincial governments. Since education is in large part a provincial responsibility, a comparative analysis of the performance of the public sector education in the four provinces of Pakistan would be useful to provide feedbacks to the provincial administrations of relative strengths and weaknesses of their educational system. Also, differences in priorities and performance among provinces provide useful insights, and, more importantly, raise many questions for planners. Such an analysis is also necessary for overall resource allocation. The analysis will be extended to district level but confined to Punjab and Sindh due to data constraints. The study will also examine the disparities in budget allocations to education in the two provinces.Education; Public expenditures; Pakistan

Determinants of the Declining Share of Agricultural Labour Force to Total Labour Force in Pakistan

The agricultural labour force in Pakistan has been increasing rapidly due to population growth as well as a declining mortality rate. However, the share of the agricultural labour force to total labour force has been decreasing. The objective of this paper is to search for the factors responsible for this decline. The period covered is from 1959•60 to 1986-87. The development process is characterised as one which brings about a fundamental change in the structure of an economy. In this process, labour is shifted from low productivity areas, such as agriculture, to high productivity areas, such as the manufacturing, construction and transport sectors. The share of value added of agriculture in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined from 46 percent in 1959- 60 to 25 percent in 1986-87. Hence, the key determinant of declining share of agricultural labour force to total labour force (RA LF) appears to be some measure of economic development

Anaesthetic management of a pregnant patient for aortic valve replacement

Cardiac disease can be encountered during pregnancy with the frequency being 1% to 2% of all pregnant women. Because of the high foetal and relative maternal mortality during surgery, medical management is the first line of treatment. Nevertheless, when medical treatment fails, cardiac surgery becomes necessary. We present the anaesthetic management of a case of Aortic valve disease in a pregnant woman undergoing surgery

Natural and synthetic smart polymers in drug targeting: A smart approach

Among various polymers, smart polymers have taken much importance in drug delivery systems due to their targeting ability. This review mainly describes the expansion of biodegradable polymers in pharmaceuticals drug delivery that provides mechanism of targeting from both physiological and pathological point of view. Thus, smart polymers due to various actions and responsive drug delivery get more importance in era of novel techniques especially in nanotechnology by formulation of nanoparticles. This progress descends into two categories: i) open loop system that is also known as externally regulated or pulsatile systems, ii) closed loop system that is actually self-regulated systems. External triggers like ultrasonic, magnetic, electric, light and chemical or biochemical agents involved in release of open loop or pulstile drug delivery system whereas self-regulated systems are the systems where controlled variable is detected due to which the system output is adjusted consequently. Several approaches like thermal response, pH-sensitive drug or polymers action, enzyme-substrate reactions are applied for achieving targeted drug delivery systems. The release rate can also be controlled by selection of natural and synthetic nature of smart polymers on the basis of their feedback mechanism. Keywords: Biodegradable, Closed Loop, Open Loop, Novel, Natural, Synthetic and Smart Polymers

The Psychological, Behavioral and Emotional Effects on the Children at the First Three Grades in the Schools of Al Za'tari Camp for Syrian Refugees from the Teachers' Viewpoint

The present study aimed to reveal the psychological and behavioral effects of the children in the first three grades in the schools of Za'tari camp for Syrian refugees as a result of wars from the point of view of male and female teachers in the light of some variables. The study used the descriptive analytical method, where the study scale, which is the scale of recognition to estimate the psychological, behavioral and emotional effects on the children of the first three grades in the Za'tari camp for Syrian refugees from the point of view of male and female teachers, the questionnaire consisted of (65) subjects listed according to the Likert (high, medium and low) on the sample consisted of (118) male and female teachers it was of them (56 male teachers and 62 female teachers). The results of the study revealed that the psychological, behavioral and emotional effects on the children of the first three grades of the Syrian refugees in the schools of Zaatari camp as a result of the wars, came high, and that the emotional field came in the first rank, followed in the second rank the behavioral field. As the results showed that there are no statistical differences in the fields of psychological, behavioral and emotional effects, of the sample individuals due to gender and scientific qualification variables. While statistical differences were observed between the average estimates of sample members on all areas of psychological behavioral and emotional effects due to the variable years of experience for the benefit of individuals with experience of more than (10) years. Keywords: Behavioral psychological effects, Emotional Psychological effects, first three grades, Za'tari Camp, Syrian refugees