Hardware Obfuscation Using Physically Unclonable Functions Against IC Piracy

The goal of this thesis is to establish a theoretical foundation and defensive mechanisms against integrated circuit (IC) piracy. IC piracy is defined as the practice of an untrusted manufacturer to produce illegal copies of IC chips, or to steal the intellectual property of the IC design via reverse engineering approaches. IC piracy prevention is especially challenging, as the potential attackers are in the very strong position of chip manufacturers, having accesses to the design details and controls to the final production process. The proposed work aims at the hardware obfuscation based prevention strategy: an “obfuscated” IC design given to the untrusted manufacturer will yield chips that are “locked” (non-functioning), until being “unlocked” (configured correctly) in a trusted facility. The obfuscation strategy mimics that of an encryption process, ensuring that some critical information (analogous to the key) of the design is not revealed to the untrusted manufacturer. During the “unlocking” process (analogous to decryption) in a trusted facility, the key is used to restore the chips to their correct functionality. Currently, many obfuscation approaches exist, yet they mostly present various ad-hoc choices of obfuscation target and are based on heuristic methods. There lacks a theoretically sound and provably secure foundation to address the two main categories of attacks: 1) algorithmic attacks applied on the obfuscated design, that could potentially crack the keys efficiently, and 2) physical attacks applied on the unlocked chips, aiming at reading out the keys directly from the on-chip memory cells. The goal of this work is to achieve an IC piracy prevention paradigm similar to modern cryptography, in their reliance on the secrecy of a key alone, rather than that of the scheme itself, as well as their provable defense strength via imposing prohibitively high attacking cost, measured by computational complexity. This will lay the basic principles for a future “Design-Against-Piracy” paradigm, similar to the widely used “Design-For-Test” practices in IC industry today. The research work in this thesis will deliver an overall strong foundation of hardware security to actively prevent IC piracy with the following guarantees: 1) Any attackers (even in the strongest position of a manufacturer) cannot crack the design or unlock the chips within a reasonable amount of time, and such attacking cost is in full control of the designer; and 2) Any wrong key cannot unlock a chip to function, and even in the extreme cases of a completely leaked key, the security of the original design can be nonetheless protected, as the unique key one chip can neither unlock any other chip, nor be used to reverse engineering to gain information of the original design

Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Factors of Bipolar Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Identifying the Principal Predictors

Objectives: Our objective is to measure the prevalence of bipolar mood disorder (BMD) in Iranian children and adolescents and its comorbidity with psychiatric disorders. Also, the main purpose of this study is to characterize the main risk factors for BMD in children and adolescents. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. In a community-based study, we sampled 1000 children and adolescents from the age of 6 to 18 years in each province via the multistage cluster sampling method. The total valid sample size reached 29 812 cases. The instructed clinical psychologists completed the Persian version of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Furthermore, the demographic data were obtained. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, multinomial, and multiple logistic regressions were utilized to evaluate the relationships. Results: The total prevalence rates for BMD were 0.29%; it was 0.26% in males and 0.29% in females. BMD rates were larger in children and adolescents whose mothers had an occupation. Also, after controlling the effective variables (sex and age), location (rural or urban), the father’s education, and the psychiatric hospitalization of the mother or the father, none predicted BMD significantly. Moreover, patients with comorbidities showed a superior prevalence compared to those without comorbidities, ranging from 1.96% for posttraumatic stress disorder to 39.22% for the oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusion: BMD was more prevalent among women. The gender or the father’s education level was not the risk factor for BMD symptoms. Several factors, such as maternal education and maternal job were also important for the prevalence of BMD symptoms