Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in an Adult Dentate Najaf /Iraqi Population by Using Digital Panoramic Radiographs

مقدمه: أجريت دراسات مختلفة عبر مجموعات سكانية مختلفة وأظهرت درجات متفاوتة من انتشار تشوهات الأسنان. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم انتشار تشوهات الأسنان بين سكان النجف / العراق. طرق العمل:    تم إجراء دراسه للاشعات البانوراميه الاساسيه لـ 750 شخصًا تتراوح أعمارهم بين 18 و 40 عامًا ، وتم فحص أسنان وفكين المرضى بالأشعة من حيث العدد والحجم والتركيب والموقع وشكل الأسنان . بالإضافة إلى  ذلك جود حجر فى اللب والتشوهات غير الشفافة في الفك تمت دراستها. تم تحليل النتائج باستعمال اختبار كاى سكوير   النتائج: وأظهرت النتائج أن نسبة انتشار تشوهات الأسنان كانت (32.8٪). والتشوهات في عدد الأسنان كانت (4.19٪) ، الحجم (10٪) ، التركيب (0٪) ، الموقع (50.33٪) ، الشكل (27.74٪) ، حجر فى اللب (5.48٪) ، والتشوهات الفكيه غير الشفافة شكلت (2.26٪).  كان أكثر أنواع التشوهات السنية شيوعًا هو تشوهات موقع الأسنان ، و 55.48٪ من الحالات الشاذة للأسنان كانت مرتبطة بأسنان الفك العلوي ، و 44.52٪ كانت مرتبطة بأسنان الفك السفلي.     كانت الأسنان الزائدة ، والأسنان الخلقية المفقودة ، والتبديل بالموقع ، والتخدد الداخلى والخارجى  كانت مرتبطة في الغالب بالقواطع العلوية ، بينما لوحظ الإزاحة بالموقع في الغالب مرتبطة بالأنياب العلوية. ارتبطت الأضراس العلوية في الغالب بحجر اللب والجذور المندمجة وصغر الحجم السنى ارتبطت الجذور الزائدة في الغالب مع الضواحك السفلية ، في حين أن الانقلاب ، والانحشار ، والتقوس ، وأسنان الثور ، ولآلئ المينا ترتبط في الغالب بالأضراس السفلية. شوهدت جميع التشوهات الفكيه غير الشفافة مصاحبة للفك السفلي فقط. الاستنتاجات: يعد التشخيص المبكر وتحديد مدى انتشار تشوهات الأسنان أمرًا مهمًا في تخطيط العلاج للمرضى.Background:    Studies were done across different populations showed a varying degrees of prevalence of dental anomalies. The present study was aimed to evalu­ate the dental anomalies prevalence for Najaf/Iraq population.  Methods:    Analysis was done for the standard Orthopantomograph of 750 subjects with ages ranging between 18 and 40 years. The teeth and jaws were examined radiographically for number, size, structure, position, and shape of the teeth. In addition, the presence of pulp stone and radio-opaque dental anomalies in the jaw was also studied. Chi-squared test was carried for the data analysis. Results:   The prevalence of dental anomalies was (32.8%).  Anomalies in number of teeth was (4.19%), size (10%), structure (0%), position (50.33%), shape (27.74%), pulp stone (5.48%), and the jaws radio-opaque anomalies constitutes (2.26%). The most common type of dental anomalies was anomalies of tooth position, and 55.48% of dental anomalies were associated with the maxillary teeth, and 44.52% were associated with the mandibular teeth.     The supernumerary teeth, congenital missing teeth, transposition, dens evaginatus, and dens invaginatus were mostly associated with the upper incisors, while the displacement was mostly seen associated with the upper canines.  Upper molars were mostly associated with pulp stone, fused roots and microdontia.    The supernumerary roots were mostly associated with lower premolars, while inversion, impaction, dilaceration, taurodontism, and enamel pearls are mostly associated with lower molars. All radio-opaque jaws anomalies were seen associated with the lower jaw only. Conclusion:   The determination of prevalence of dental anomalies is important for the early diagnosis and treatment planning of patients

Assessment of the protective role of green tea Extract against the ciprofloxacin induced toxicity on Mandibular condylar cartilage of wistar rats

which acts as the center of growth in the craniofacial complex. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone which is important for treating a life-threatening bacterial infection. It has a chondrotoxic effect in growing condylar cartilage. Green tea has attracted a significant attention for its multiple health benefits, and the previous researches uncover the importance of dietary choices for prevention of the chondrotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin. The objective of the present study was to investigate the preventive potential of green tea extract on the mandibular chondrotoxicity induced by ciprofloxacin in juvenile male Wistar Albino rats. In the present study, twenty-five rats were used. Five rats were used for the pilot study, and the other twenty were divided into four equal groups. On day 32 of age, all the animals in Ciprofloxacin/Water and Ciprofloxacin / Green tea treated groups were subcutaneously injected by ciprofloxacin as two subcutaneous injections of 600 mg/kg of body weight, eight hours apart, while the Saline/Water and Saline/Green tea groups were subcutaneously injected by saline. The Saline/Green tea and Ciprofloxacin / Green tea groups were intragastically gavaged by green tea extract in an oral dose of 300 mg/kg/day, eight days before the subcutaneously injection of saline or ciprofloxacin. On day 34, all the animals were anaesthetized, blood collection by cardiac puncture was taken, and the mandibular condyle samples were taken immediately and processed. The results showed that the intragastric gavage of green tea extract can cause a non-significant change in the magnesium, calcium, and vitamin E serum levels in all the groups studied (p>0.05), but the zinc serum level in the Saline/Green tea and Ciprofloxacin / Green tea groups showed a significant increase in comparison with the others two groups (p<0.05). The Ciprofloxacin/Water group showed a significant decrease in the mandibular condylar cartilage thickness, cartilage cells number, and proteoglycans content in comparison with the other three groups (p<0.05). Statistical analysis also showed a significant decrease in Mankin score in the Ciprofloxacin / Green tea group in comparison with the Ciprofloxacin/Water group (p<0.05). The Ciprofloxacin / Green tea group showed a significant increase in the Bcl-2 immune expression (p<0.05) and a non-significant increase (p>0.05) in collagen II immune expression in comparison with the Ciprofloxacin/Water group. This study provides the first evidence that green tea extract can decrease the chondrotoxic effects of ciprofloxacin in a rat model