Antioxidant Activities and Estimation of Phenol and Flavonoid Contents in The Extracts Of Trema Orientalis Linn Blume

Phytochemical analysis is important in the evaluation of bioactive compounds from plants. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathology of many diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, cataract, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions, and stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of Trema orientalis. Antioxidant activity was estimated spectrophotometrically using 2,2– diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents of the Trema orientalis extracts were determined using standard methods. IndependentSample T–test was used for Data analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, cardiac  glycosides, alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Total phenolic contents were found to be 260.96±2.31 mg GAE/g and 134.08±0.56 mg GAE/g in the ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. Similarly, total flavonoid contents were between 32.71±0.89 and 4.70±0.23 mg GAE/g. The radical scavenging effect was observed in ethanol extract with IC50 = 9.27 µg/mL. The  abundance of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of the T. orientalis could confirm their good therapeutic potentials inethnobotany. Keywords: Trema orientalis, Phenols, Flavonoids, Antioxidant activitie

In vitro evaluation of nutritional quality of ensiled rice offal enhanced with nonprotein nitrogen sources and soybean meal residue

An experiment was conducted to assess the appearance, smell, texture, pH, temperature, chemical composition and energy content of ensiled Rice offal (RO) treated with non-protein nitrogen sources and soybean meal residue in a completely randomized design. Rice offal was treated with different proportions of Urea, Poultry litter (PL) and Soybean meal residue (SBMR) and ensiled. The treatment combinations were; A (100%RO), B (100%RO + Urea),C (75%RO + 25%PL), D (50%RO + 50%PL), E (75%RO + 25%SBMR) and F (50%RO + 50%SBMR). The treatments were ensiled for 21 days in triplicates. The results showed that silages were adequately fermented with sweet aroma. The silages were acidic (4.70 – 5.80) except for treatments C and D which had pH of 7.20 and 7.00, respectively. The temperatures of the silages were significantly (P<0.05) different. The proximate composition of silages differed significantly (P<0.05), being highest for %CP, %EE and ash in treatment B. Dry matter contents were also significantly different (P<0.05) with treatment A having the highest (90.25%). Rice offal and Urea mixtures resulted in silages with highest NDF, HEM and Energy. Lowest NDF was obtained in treatment without additive (Treatment A) compared to all other treatments. Least ADF was obtained in Treatment E (75% RO + 25% SBMR). Enhancement of rice offal with urea, poultry litter and soybean meal residue has shown improvement in the silage physiochemical quality. Keywords: In vitro; Additives; Ensilage; Rice offal; Poultry litter; Fermentatio