Near-fatal drug toxicities in newborn babies: A Case Series

Background: Neonates are highly vulnerable to drug toxicities because of their age-related limitations in drug metabolisms and renal excretion. Lack of the knowledge and/or education for medical professionals about the right dose administration and the lack of neonate-specific formulations are the additional dilemmas. Cases Presentation: Here, we reported six neonates presented with severe drug toxicities, including acetaminophen, digoxin, theophyllin, lidocaine and opium and they were successfully treated in NICU at Amirkola Children’s Hospital, Babol– in the north of Iran. Most of the toxicities were originated from the lack knowledge of physician or parents for selecting the right drug and dose of drug for newborn babies. Conclusions: Better education of medical professional and parents are needed to avoid neonatal drug toxicities

The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Vascular Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Aim: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared with moderateintensity continuous training (MICT) or with no exercise (CON) on vascular function in adults who were free of cardiometabolic diseases and those with cardiometabolic diseases. Methods: A search across three electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science was conducted through February 2022 to identify the randomized trials evaluating HIIT vs. MICT and/or CON on vascular function as measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in adults. Separate analyses were conducted for HIIT vs. MICT and/or CON to calculate weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using random or fixed models. Results: A total of 36 studies involving 1,437 participants who were either free of cardiometabolic diseases or had cardiometabolic diseases were included in the meta-analysis. HIIT effectively increased FMD when compared with MICT [1.59% (95% CI 0.87–2.31), p = 0.001] or CON [3.80% (95% CI 2.58–5.01), p = 0.001]. Subgroup analysis showed that HIIT increased FMD in participants with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but not in participants who were free of cardiometabolic diseases. In addition, HIIT effectively increased FMD regardless of age and body mass index. Conclusion: We confirm that HIIT is effective for improving vascular function in individuals with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases and has a superior effect compared to MICT, demonstrating time efficiency. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42022320863]

Interleukin-15 responses to acute and chronic exercise in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeInterlukin-15 (IL-15) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a vital role in immunology and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether exercise promotes circulating IL-15 concentrations in adults.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to May, 2023 and identified original studies that investigated the effectiveness of acute and/or chronic exercise on serum/plasma IL-15 levels in adults. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effect models. Subgroup analyses were performed based on type of exercise, and training status, health status and body mass indexes (BMI) of participants.ResultsFifteen studies involving 411 participants and 12 studies involving 899 participants were included in the acute and chronic exercise analyses, respectively. Our findings showed that acute exercise increased circulating IL-15 concentrations immediately after exercise compared with baseline [SMD=0.90 (95% CI: 0.47 to 1.32), p=0.001], regardless of exercise type and participants’ training status. Similarly, acute exercise was also associated with increased IL-15 concentrations even one-hour after exercise [SMD=0.50 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.99), p=0.04]. Nevertheless, chronic exercise did not have a significant effect on IL-15 concentrations [SMD=0.40 (95% CI: -0.08 to 0.88), p=0.10].ConclusionOur results confirm that acute exercise is effective in increasing the IL-15 concentrations immediately and one-hour after exercise intervention, and thereby playing a potential role in improving metabolism in adults.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=445634, identifier CRD42023445634

The effect of interval and continuous training on the content of perilipin 1, ATGL and CGI-58 in visceral adipose tissue of obese male rats

Background and Aim: Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat and its storage due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy consumption. High-fat diets, through inhibition of lipolysis enzymes can lead to increase in obesity and also many metabolic diseases. While exercise can activate these enzymes and lead to a change in the amount of visceral adipose tissue and reduce obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the content of perilipin 1, ATGL, and CGI-58 in visceral adipose tissue of obese male rats. Material and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of eight. A group of 8 rats consumed standard diet (SD) for 10 weeks, and 32 other rats used high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. After induction of obesity, 8 rats from high fat diet group and 8 rats from standard dietary group were killed, and the samples were collected to study the effects of high-fat diet. Other obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: high-fat diet sedentary (HFD+SED), moderate-intensity continuous training protocol (MICT), and high-intensity interval training protocol (HIIT). The HIIT protocol consisted of 10 times of running, each time for 4 minutes, on a treadmill with an intensity of 90-85% VO2max, with 2 minutes active rest periods, and the MICT protocol included running on treadmill with an intensity of 70-65% VO2max, which had been matched with the HIIT protocol in terms of distance. 5 sessions of The training scheduals were performed per week for 12 weeks. Finally, the samples were collected by western blot method to measure the content of perilipin 1, ATGL, CGI-58. Results: The results of this study showed that obesity caused a significant reduction in the content of prilipin 1, ATGL and CGI-58. While both moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training significantly increased the content of perilipin 1 and ATGL (p≤ 0.05). Also, the high-intensity interval training led to a significant increase in CGI-58 content (p<0.05). While moderate-intensity continuous training did not result in significant changes in CGI-58 protein content. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that high-fat diet resulted in increased fat mass, as well as weight gain and obesity. On the contrary, exercise trainings can lead to a decrease in fat mass and weight loss by increasing the proteins and enzymes effective in the lipolysis process

The Effect of Two Types of Exercise on Serum Chemerin in Diabetic Male Rats

Abstract Background and Objectives: Chemerin is a novel adipokine, which plays a key role in the pathological process of insulin resistance and inflammation; clinical studies have shown that chemerin levels increase in diabetic patients. However, the acute effect of exercise on chemerin is not known. In this research, serum changes of chemerin in diabetic male rats were investigated in response to two types of exercise. Methods: In this experimental study, 29 diabetic male rats (age, 12 weeks; weight, 220-240g) were assigned to 5 groups, including immediately and 2 hours after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE0, HIIE2), immediately and 2 hours after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE0, MICE2), and control (C). Both MICE groups exercise on treadmill (intensity, 60-65% vo2max) for 40 min, &nbsp;and both HIIE groups (with intensity of 90-95% vo2max) in 12 one-minute intervals with one-minute rest intervals. ELISA technique was used to measure serum chemerin. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test. The level of significance was considered at 0.05. Results: Serum chemerin levels in MICE0, MICE2 groups and HIIE2 groups, significantly increased compared to the control group (p˂0.05). However, there was no significant difference between HIIE0 group and control group (p>0.05). There was significant difference between MICE0 and HIIE2 groups with HIIE0 group (p˂0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present research showed that acute exercise leads to increase in serum chemerin in diabetic male rats. Keywords: Chemerin protein, rat; Exercise; Diabetes mellitus

Irisin Response to Two Types of Exercise Training in Type 2 Diabetic Male Rats

Abstract Background: Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine that is reduced with type 2 diabetes and improves insulin resistance via the browning of white adipose tissues. However, irisin response to two types of exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes is unknown. Materials and Methods: In this study, 22 diabetic Wistar rats (Induced by high-fat diet and injections Stz) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: high intensity interval exercise (HIIT), low intensity continuous training (LICT) and control (C). Both HIIT and LICT groups trained on the treadmill 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken 24 hours after the last training session and plasma irisin, insulin and glucose levels were measured. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze data and the level of significance has been considered at p≤0.05. Results: Data analysis showed that plasma irisin levels in the HIIT group were significantly increased compared to the control group (p0.05). Plasma glucose in both HIIT and LICT groups was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that exercise training can increase plasma irisin in rats with type 2 diabetes. However, these changes are partially dependent on the type of exercise training

Search strategy.

IntroductionThe current meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise training on circulating adhesion molecules i.e. soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in adults.MethodPubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase were searched to identify original articles, published in English languages journal from inception up to 31 August 2023 that compared the effects of exercise training with non-exercising control on sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in adults. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs were calculated using random-effect models.ResultsTwenty-three studies including 31 intervention arms and involving 1437 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training effectively reduced sICAM-1 [SMD: -0.33 (95% CI -0.56 to -0.11), p = 0.004; I2 = 56.38%, p = 0.001; 23 intervention arms]. Subgroup analyses showed that sICAM-1 decreased in adults with age 2 = 36.29%, p = 0.04; 23 intervention arms].ConclusionOur results show that exercise training reduces sICAM-1, but not for sVCAM-1, where both aerobic and resistance training is effective in reducing sICAM-1 in adults with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases.Trial registrationThe current meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero with ID registration number: CRD42023410474.</div

GRADE analysis of the overall quality of the evidence.

GRADE analysis of the overall quality of the evidence.</p