The Photo Degradation of 2,3-dimethyl phenol in Drinking Water using Nano TiO2, ZnS and SnO2 Particles

The work presented in this paper is concernd with the preliminary study of semiconductors photochemical degradation of 2,3-dimethyl phenol by using powder and nanoparticles of TiO2,ZnS and SnO2. Degradation of 2,3-dimethyl phenol was carried out by using UV light at wave length of 267nm in the presence of oxygen.The absorpitivity of 2,3-dimethyl phenol decay was measured in the presence of UV light with capacity of 250 watt .The rate of degradation is increased with the weight of photocatalyst and reached  maximum value at 0.1gm (TiO2), 0.5gm (ZnO) and 1gm (SnO2).In this paper,the effects of various operating parameters of the photolytic degradation of 2,3-dimethyl phenol are presented. It was found that, different parameters, such as type of photocatalyst composition, initial substrate concentration, and amount of catalyst can play an important role on photocatalytic degradation of 2,3-dimethyl phenol. It was also found that the type and particle size of nano TiO2, SnO2 and ZnS play an important factor for accelerating the photo degradation. The activity of nano particle was found in the order: TiO2> ZnS> SnO2. The results of photodegradation are represented by Lagmuir-Hinshelwood relationship and indicate that the results are Pseudo first order. The particle size of TiO2, SnO2 and ZnS was estimated using XRD technique.  Keywords : Photodegradation, Drinking water, Nanoparticle

Mechanical properties of filled high density polyethylene

Mechanical properties of (HDPE M624) with three filler (inorganic and organic) composites were assessed with respect to the effect of the filler content. The filler varied from (5% to 25%) by weight in the composite. Obvious improvement in the mechanical parameters was recorded depending on the filler type and mesh size. The mechanical properties of loaded compressed sample have been evaluated through several parameters concerning the elastic deformation based on measuring the load–elongation characteristics. The behavior of stress–strain curve was analyzed in terms of cold drawing model. No experimental difficulties appeared at any mixing ratio, and these difficulties were due to the separation in phase which makes the sample possible for processing in the normal extruders

Control the discontinuity of the flow curve of the polyethylene by nanoclay and compatabilizer

AbstractA study on the melt elasticity behavior and extrudate characteristic of low density polyethylene (LDPE)/nanoclay composite and maleated polyethylene (MAPE) as compatabilizer was done. Extrusion studies were carried out in capillary rheometer. A microscope has been used to examine the surface characteristics of the extrudate by taking photographs. With a view to characterize melt elasticity of these nanocomposites, parameters such as die swell, principle normal stress, recoverable shear strain, and shear modulus were calculated. Compatibilizers were premade as block copolymers (BCPs), are of crucial importance during the formation and stabilization of polymer blends. These polymeric surfactants reduce the interfacial tension, R, between the blend components, and due to their ability to accumulate preferentially in the interface, they stabilize the obtained morphology against coalescence. Small amounts of these species in the range of parts of percent are already active

Effect of phenol formaldehyde resin as vulcanizing agent on flow behavior of HDPE/PB blend

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) based on High density polyethylene (HDPE)/polybutadiene (HDPE/PB = 70/30 parts) blends containing 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 wt.% of dimethylol phenolic resin as a vulcanizing agent in the presence of SnCl2 as catalyst was prepared. The dimethylol phenolic resin was prepared in our laboratory. The blends were compounded in mixer-60 attached to a Haake rheochord meter-90. The rheological properties were measured at temperatures 140, 160, 180 and 200 °C. The linearity of the flow curve appeared for 5% of the vulcanizing agent. The shear stress and shear viscosity have increased upon increasing the shear rate over a range of loading levels of vulcanizing agent of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%. This may be attributed to the increased vulcanization between polyethylene and the rubber blend. The flow behavior index of the system shows a pseudo plastic nature behavior (since n < 1). The consistency index (K) increased with the increase in the phenol formaldehyde resin content and the temperature. Hence, the increase in the value of the consistency index (K) of the polymer melts refers to more viscous materials prepared. The activation energy for the TPE blends fluctuated indicating that there is phase separation; where each polymer behaved separately. This study showed that HDPE/PB blends are characterized with good rheological properties, which can be recommended to be processed with the injection molding technique

Evaluation of the pH and thermal stabilities of rosella anthocyanin extracts under solar light

Anthocyanin is considered as an unstable pigment, undergoes gradual degradation processes throughout the storage or use. The degradation of Rosella anthocyanin extract (RAE) in different pH solutions was studied under solar light and compared with solutions kept in the dark. It appears that RAE solutions under solar light were suffering rapid degradation than those kept in the dark. Moreover, RAE samples at higher pH values showed faster rates of degradation than those with lower pH values. A mechanism for degradation was suggested through the formation of hydroxyl radical which is responsible for demineralization process. It is also appears that as the initial concentration of the dye increases, the requirement needed for degradation increased as well. The thermal degradation behavior of RAE at temperature range 25–60 °C under solar light showed first order kinetics with low activation energies