Journalists as a professional community

В статье рассматривается профессиональные общность журналистов через такие аспекты, как содержание деятельности, профессиональные ценности, нормы и профессиональную идентичность. Особое внимание уделяется проблеме трансформации профессиональных ценностей журналистов.The article deals with the professional community of journalists, which is revealed through such aspects as the content of the activity, professional values, norms and professional identity. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the professional values of journalists

Modern Economic Conditions and Impact of the Tax Regime on the Legalization of Self-Employment: Russian and Foreign Experience

This article analyzes Russian and international experience in approaches to taxation of self-employed individuals and their impact on the legalization of activities based on modern economic conditions. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative characteristic of the criteria for determining self-employed persons and various forms of their taxation in Russia and abroad at the present stage. The special tax regime for the self-employed in Russia has been in effect since 2019 and is one of the youngest in the tax system, so the analysis of foreign experience in the taxation of self-employed persons is of particular practical interest. The authors analyze global statistics on the number of self-employed persons and identify trends in their changes not only in the Russian Federation, but also in some foreign countries, especially in the light of the development of digital technologies and the emergence of new opportunities for independent activity by individuals. The research made it possible to draw intermediate conclusions for Russia at this stage of the new regime implementation: whether modern tax regimes stimulate the development of self-employment, how optimal these regimes are for legalizing citizens ' income, and what trends of foreign countries in the field of self-employed taxation may be relevant for modern Russia

Risks of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses Attracting to Government and Municipal Procurement and Economic Growth

One of the strategic goals in the Russian Federation is to relieve social tension by increasing the number of people employed in the segment of small and medium enterprises (hereinafter - SMEs) up to 25 million people by 2024. In order to stimulate the development of this segment, the Government of the Russian Federation sets the task of expanding the access for SMEs to the procurement system. That’s why the analysis of the existing mechanism for attracting SMEs to procurement is of interest. The primary purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of SME involvement in procurement within the framework of two main laws operating in the sphere of procurement activity and problems arising in the procurement’s organization and economic growth. The practice of procurement activity is accompanied by the emergence of risks that affect the procurement result. These risks are inherent both to customers and suppliers of procurement activities. In the article risks are classified by stages of procurement activity. In particular, risks of poor-quality performance of the contract arise long before the stage of its conclusion. In the conclusion, recommendations are made which can be directed to solving the issues of SMEs access to procurement

Unified Agricultural Tax - Unique Form of Tax Regulation of Agricultural and Food Supply Chain Manufacturers Activities

In the economic system of any state, the level of development of agriculture plays an important role. In view of the fact that a huge part our countrys territory is occupied by agricultural lands, this topic is quite relevant for Russia. The article examines the issues of food supply chain and agricultural producers state regulation. In more detail in the article, the application of the Russian tax system for food supply chain and agricultural commodity producers is considered. The peculiarities of applying a food supply chain and single agricultural tax, determining the tax base and the structure of calculating this tax are also considered. The article gives attention and analyzed the place of the single agricultural tax in the revenues of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation for several years. The author outlines the advantages and disadvantages of applying a single agricultural tax in Russia. The authors concluded that it is necessary to improve the single agricultural and food supply chain tax, which will help increase the application of the tax by agricultural commodity producers

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of <i>Nicotiana glauca</i> and <i>Nicotiana sylvestris</i>

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most popular approach for obtaining transgenic plants nowadays. There are plenty of protocols developed for different plant species. These protocols usually include the medium composition, the technology for preparing plant explants and cultivation conditions, as well as the choice of agrobacteria strains. Nicotiana tabacum, or cultivated tobacco, was one of the first successfully transformed plant species. Nicotiana tabacum is a model object in plant genetics, particularly due to its ability for transformation and regeneration. N. tabacum is a naturally transgenic plant since its genome contains a cellular T-DNA acquired from Agrobacteria. The significance of cT-DNA for plants has not yet been established. Some assume that cT-DNA can increase the ability of plants to regenerate due to some of the genes they contain. For example, rolC has been shown to affect the hormonal balance of plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this have yet to be found. RolC is also somehow involved in the secondary metabolism of plants. Like N. tabacum, Nicotiana glauca produces a wide range of secondary metabolites and contains an intact rolC gene in its genome. At the same time, unlike N. tabacum, N. glauca is a diploid species, which makes it more suitable for genetic engineering approaches. Nicotiana sylvestris is one of the ancestral species of N. tabacum and does not contain cT-DNA. The aim of this work was to develop a protocol for transformation and regeneration of N. glauca and N. sylvestris. We managed to find an optimum ratio of auxins and cytokinins that promotes both active callus formation and organogenesis in N. glauca and N. sylvestris leaf explants. The developed technique will be useful both for fundamental research that includes the N. glauca and N. sylvestris species, and for practical application in the pharmaceutical industry and biosynthesis

Youth Practices in Yekaterinburg in Implementing the Right to the City

В статье представлен социологический анализ молодежной активности, направленной на преобразование городского пространства. Результаты, полученные в ходе опроса молодежи (N = 800), позволили выделить конкретные социальные практики, раскрыть причины активности, барьеры.The publication presents a sociological analysis of youth activity aimed at transforming urban space. The results obtained during a survey of young people (N = 800) made it possible to identify specific social practices, to reveal the reasons for activity, barriers.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Свердловской области (№ 20-411-660012 р_а)

The Influence of Changes in Media Consumption on the Professional Values of Journalist Students

Changes in the forms of communication and media consumption inevitably affect media content producers, including journalists. Based on the results of an online survey of students of journalism (n = 202), the article states that journalist students strive to work in convergent media. Fact-checking, accuracy, honesty have leading positions in the system of professional values of journalist students. Thus, the professional values of students-journalists are determined by changes in the practices of media consumption.Изменения в формах коммуникации и медиапотреблении неизбежно влияют на производителей медиаконтента, в том числе на журналистов и журналистику как профессию. Опираясь на результаты онлайн опроса студентов журналистов (n=202), в статье утверждается, что студенты-журналисты стремятся работать в конвергентных СМИ, ведущие позиции в системе профессиональных ценностей студентов-журналистов занимают фактчекинг, точность, честность. Таким образом, профессиональные ценности студентов-журналистов определяются изменениями в практиках медиапотребления

Professional values of soviet and post-soviet journalists

The article attempts to characterize the similarities and differences in the professional values of Soviet and modern journalists based on in-depth interviews. The traditional professional values of journalists and their transformation in the modern society are revealed.В статье предпринята попытка охарактеризовать различия в профессиональных ценностях советских и постсоветских журналистов на основе глубинных интервью. Раскрываются традиционные профессиональные ценности журналистов и их трансформация в современном социуме

“Professional Orientations of Journalists in the Face of the Mediatization of Society”

Рукопись поступила в редакцию: 14.03.2021. Принята к публикации: 17.04.2021.Received: 14.03.2021. Accepted: 17.04.2021.Целью данной статьи является исследование трансформации профессиональных ориентаций журналистов в условиях медиатизации общества. Медиатизация определяется как двусторонний процесс, развивающийся в период распространения цифровых технологий, Интернета и новых медиа, в рамках которого медиа и социальные институты оказывают друг на друга взаимное влияние. Началу процесса медиатизации способствует развитие цифровых технологий, повышение доступности Интернета, смартфонов и социальных сетей для значительной части населения. Наибольшему влиянию медиатизации подвержены институт журналистики и профессиональная деятельность журналиста. Для исследования трансформации профессиональных ориентаций журналистов в условиях медиатизации общества мы провели в период с 2020-го по 2021 год серию глубинных интервью с журналистами (N = 10), а также обратились к вторичному анализу данных международных и российских социологических исследований, проведенных с 2012-го по 2016 год. Результаты проведенного анализа позволили заключить, что в условиях медиатизации общества журналист, прежде всего, ориентирован на аудиторию, которая, в свою очередь, привлекает рекламодателей. Кроме того, происходит десакрализация образа журналиста в связи с тем, что аудитория вовлекается в процесс производства новостей. В условиях борьбы за внимание и доверие аудитории актуализируются принципы оперативности и фактчекинга. Что касается этики журналиста, в приоритет ставятся неформализованные правила поведения, принятые в конкретной редакции, в то время как нормы, закрепленные в профессиональных кодексах, отходят на второй план. Снижается уровень свободы и независимости журналиста, что сами профессионалы связывают с политическим и экономическим давлением и нормативно-правовыми ограничениями. Влияние на деятельность журналиста оказывают редакторы, владельцы СМИ, редакционная политика издания, внутренние убеждения и личные ценности. По мнению журналистов, образ профессионала обретает в глазах общества негативную окраску в силу снижения доверия к работникам СМИ. Наконец, процессы медиатизации приводят к ситуации переизбытка информации, отчего возрастает риск профессионального выгорания журналистов.The article studies the transformation of professional orientations of journalists in the context of the mediatization of society. Researchers defi ne mediatization as a two-way process that refers to the development of digital technologies, the spread of the Internet and new media within which media and social institutions mutually infl uence each other. The advancement of digital technologies, the increased availability of the Internet, smartphones, and social networks for a wider population trigger the mediatization process. The institute of journalism and the professional activity of a journalist is the most vulnerable to mediatization. To study the transformation of professional orientations of journalists in the context of the mediatization of society, we carried out a series of in-depth interviews with journalists (N = 10) in 2020–2021. We also analyzed data from international and Russian sociological studies made between 2012 and 2016. The results showed that under the mediatization of society, it is the audience that guides a journalist. And this, in turn, attracts advertisers. In addition, there occurs ‘a desacralization’ of the image of the journalist since the audience is involved in the news production process. In the face of the struggle for the attention and trust of the audience, there emerges the necessity to update the principles of effi ciency and fact-checking. As for the ethics of a journalist, the informal rules of conduct, adopted in a particular publication are the priority, while the norms enshrined in professional codes fade into the background. The freedom and independence of the journalist are declining, which professionals themselves associate with political and economic pressure and regulatory restrictions. Editors, media owners, the editorial policy of a publication, inner convictions, and personal values — all of this affects the journalist’s activities. According to journalists, the image of a professional acquires a negative colouring in the public eye due to the erosion of the credibility of media practitioners. Finally, mediatization processes lead to over-information, which increases the risk of journalists’ burnout