Результаты исследований новой сеялки для высева семян лука

. For sowing small seeds of vegetables, in particular onions, special seeders are used. They are not produced in the Republic of Uzbekistan, while many diff erent pneumatic seeders are produced abroad. The authors note that foreign samples are complex in design, not adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, cannot provide even seed placement on ridges, and the cost of the seeders themselves and service are very high.(Research purpose) To develop a vegetable seeder in relation to the soil and climatic conditions of Uzbekistan, to determine the seeding rate of onion seeds depending on the length of the active part of the seed reel, to evaluate the formation quality of sowing ridges and irrigation furrows.(Materials and methods) The authors determined the sowing rate by turning the seeder drive wheel at a given length of the active part of the sowing reel and collecting the sown seeds in cups with further weighing. The quality of sowing ridges and irrigation furrows formation was evaluated by the method of profi ling the fi eld before and after the seeder’s pass.(Results and discussion) The authors developed a vegetable seeder that performed three operations in one pass: cutting irrigation furrows, forming sowing ridges of a trapezoidal shape and sowing onion seeds and other small-seeded vegetable crops in a three-row tape method in each tape. They found that the dependence of the seeding rate on the length of the active part of the reel had a slightly fragile parabolic shape, and the required seeding rates – 24-48 pieces per linear meter (3.9-7.8 kilograms per hectare) – were provided with the length of the sowing reel 3.3- 6.2 millimeters. It was proved that the seeder provided a high-quality formation of sowing ridges and irrigation furrows: the row spacing was 68.8 centimeters (installation spacing – 70 centimeters), the top ridge width was 42.5 centimeters (the predetermined one was 40 centimeters), the depth of irrigation furrows was on average 9.6 centimeters.(Conclusions) A vegetable seeder was developed for sowing small-seeded vegetable crops with the simultaneous formation of sowing ridges and cutting irrigation furrows, which ensured high-quality performance of all operations and observance of onion seeds.Для высева мелких семян овощей, в частности лука, используют специальные сеялки. В Республике Узбекистан их не производят, в то время как за рубежом выпускают множество различных пневматических сеялок. Отметили, что зарубежные образцы сложны по конструкции, не приспособлены к местным почвенно-климатическим условиям, не могут обеспечить равномерную заделку семян на гребнях, а стоимость самих сеялок и сервисного обслуживания очень высока.(Цель исследований) Разработать овощную сеялку применительно к почвенно-климатическим условиям Узбекистана, определить нормы высева семян лука в зависимости от длины активной части высевающей катушки, оценить качество формирования посевных гребней и поливных борозд.(Материалы и методы) Норму высева определяли путем прокручивания опорно-приводного колеса сеялки при заданной длине активной части высевающей катушки и сбора высеваемых семян в стаканчики с дальнейшим взвешиванием. Качество формирования посевных гребней и поливных борозд оценивали методом профилирования поля до и после прохода сеялки.(Результаты и обсуждение) Разработали овощную сеялку, выполняющую за один проход три операции: нарезку поливных борозд, формирование посевных гребней трапецеидальной формы и сев семян лука и других мелкосеменных овощных культур ленточным способом тремя рядами в каждой ленте. Выявили, что зависимость нормы высева от длины активной части катушки имеет слабовыраженную параболическую форму, а требуемые нормы высева – 24-48 штук на погонный метр (3,9-7,8 килограмма на гектар) – гарантированы при длине высевающей катушки 3,3-6,2 миллиметра. Доказали, что сеялка обеспечивает качественное образование посевных гребней и поливных борозд: ширина междурядий составила 68,8 сантиметра (установочная – 70 сантиметров), ширина гребней по верху равна 42,5 сантиметра (заданная – 40 сантиметров), глубина поливных борозд составила в среднем 9,6 сантиметра.(Выводы) Разработали овощную сеялку для сева мелкосеменных овощных культур с одновременным формированием посевных гребней и нарезкой поливных борозд, обеспечивающую качественное выполнение всех операций и соблюдение норм высева семян лук

Обоснование параметров усовершенствованного сошника для внесения минеральных и органо-минеральных удобрений

When using the conventional coulters for applying organic-and-mineral fertilizers, reliable technological process cannot be ensured unless a fertilizer funnel is adapted to such fertilizers. (Research purpose) Determination of the parameters of an improved coulter for introducing organic-and-mineral fertilizers. (Materials and methods) The authors conducted theoretical studies using the methods of theoretical and agricultural mechanics, as well as analytic geometry. They also considered the horizontal flow of soil particles under the action of the pointed part of a leg and made diagrams of the progressive speed of a cultivator depending on the cutting-point angle of the coulter leg at friction angles of 25, 30, and 35 degrees. (Results and discussion) An analytical relationship was obtained to determine progressive flowability of organic-and-mineral fertilizers through a coulter funnel. The author also found the cutting-point angle of a coulter leg for introducing fertilizers at a certain depth. In this case they neither stick to the coulter surface nor pack up before entering it. The optimum diameter of the fertilizer funnel was determined as well. (Conclusions) It has been proved that the cutting-point angle of a working tool leg for introducing mineral and organic-and-mineral fertilizers developed according to the research should range from 54 to 66 degrees. The authors have determined that an easy flow of fertilizers can be ensured if the diameter of a fertilizer funnel of a coulter should be not less than 43 millimeters.При использовании существующих сошников для внесения органо-минеральных удобрений не обеспечивается надежное протекание технологического процесса, так как шейка тукопровода не приспособлена к внесению таких удобрений. (Цель исследований) Обосновать параметры усовершенствованного сошника для внесения минеральных и органо-минеральных удобрений. (Материалы и методы) Провели исследования с использованием методов теоретической и земледельческой механики, а также аналитической геометрии. Рассмотрели движение частиц почвы по горизонтальной плоскости под действием заостренной части стойки. Построили графики изменения поступательной скорости культиватора в зависимости от угла заострения стойки сошника при углах трения 25, 30 и 35 градусов. (Результаты и обсуждение) Получили аналитическую зависимость для определения поступательной способности органо-минеральных удобрении через шейку сошника. Определили угол заострения стойки сошника для внесения удобрений на определенную глубину, при котором они не прилипают к его поверхности и не сгруживаются перед ним. Обосновали диаметр шейки тукопровода сошника. (Выводы) Доказали, что угол заострения стойки рабочего органа для внесения минеральных и органо-минеральных удобрений, разработанного по результатам проведенных исследований, должен быть в пределах 54-66 градусов. Рекомендовали для обеспечения свободного прохода удобрений диаметр шейки тукопровода сошника, превышающий 43 миллиметра

Upper limits on the isotropic diffuse flux of cosmic PeV photons from Carpet-2 observations

Isotropic diffuse gamma-ray flux in the PeV energy band is an important tool for multimessenger tests of models of the origin of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos and for new-physics searches. So far, this flux has not yet been observed. Carpet-2 is an air-shower experiment capable of detecting astrophysical gamma rays with energies above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the upper limits on the isotropic gamma-ray flux from Carpet-2 data obtained in 1999-2011 and 2018-2022. These results, obtained with the new statistical method based on the shape of the muon-number distribution, summarize Carpet-2 observations as the upgraded installation, Carpet-3, starts its operation.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, JETPL.cls; V2: references added, version accepted by JETP Letter

Influence of silica-containing additives on physical and mechanical properties of Portland Cement Co Ltd “Karakalpaksement”

The article is devoted to the study of the effect of theKhojakulsandstone deposit of Karakalpakstan on the physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement based on clinker containing unbound calcium sulfate

Innovative Activity of Future Teachers as a Condition for Improving Students’ Motivation for Learning a Foreign Language

The relevance of the problem: The professional activity of a modern teacher implies creativity and should be aimed at stimulating students’ interest in studying one or another subject. Innovative teaching techniques contribute to the generation of students’ interest. In light of this, engaging creative and talented educators who are ready to elaborate, apply and promote their teaching methods is a priority task for any contemporary educational institution. The purpose of the paper: This paper seeks to inform, to motivate and to explore the possibilities of making out-of-the-box teaching a reality. Research Methodology: The method employed for examining the issue under study is interviewing which enabled us to identify challenges that teachers face and specify practical classroom ideas. Results: The authors focus on the following issues: how to generate interest among students; how to make use of everyday objects to bring fun into the classroom; task-based teaching / activity centered teaching; problems that teachers and students face (ESL context); thematic teaching methods – across four skills. Practical Significance: The presented in the paper opinions of students and teachers allow identifying problems with students’ motivation for studying a foreign language, as well as their fears when mastering the language. The obtained data make it possible to timely select a particular teaching method according to the level of students’ interest and motivation

Innovative Activity of Future Teachers as a Condition for Improving Students’ Motivation for Learning a Foreign Language

The relevance of the problem: The professional activity of a modern teacher implies creativity and should be aimed at stimulating students’ interest in studying one or another subject. Innovative teaching techniques contribute to the generation of students’ interest. In light of this, engaging creative and talented educators who are ready to elaborate, apply and promote their teaching methods is a priority task for any contemporary educational institution. The purpose of the paper: This paper seeks to inform, to motivate and to explore the possibilities of making out-of-the-box teaching a reality. Research Methodology: The method employed for examining the issue under study is interviewing which enabled us to identify challenges that teachers face and specify practical classroom ideas. Results: The authors focus on the following issues: how to generate interest among students; how to make use of everyday objects to bring fun into the classroom; task-based teaching / activity centered teaching; problems that teachers and students face (ESL context); thematic teaching methods – across four skills. Practical Significance: The presented in the paper opinions of students and teachers allow identifying problems with students’ motivation for studying a foreign language, as well as their fears when mastering the language. The obtained data make it possible to timely select a particular teaching method according to the level of students’ interest and motivation