Violence, Statecraft, and Statehood in the Early Republic : The State of Franklin, 1784–1788

In December 1784, a small contingent of upper Tennessee Valley political leaders met in Washington County, North Carolina\u27s rustic courthouse to discuss the uncertain postrevolutionary political climate that they believed threatened their regional political hegemony, prosperity and families. The Jonesboro delegates fatefully decided that their backcountry communities could no longer remain part of their parent state and that North Carolina\u27s westernmost counties (at the time Washington, Sullivan and Greene counties) must unite and form America\u27s fourteenth state

Appalachia’s Borderland Brokers: The Intersection of Kinship, Diplomacy, and Trade on the Trans-montane Backcountry, 1600-1800

This paper and accompanying historical argument builds upon the presentation I made at last year’s Ohio Valley History Conference held at Western Kentucky University. In that presentation, I argued that preindustrial Appalachia was a complex and dynamic borderland region in which disparate Amerindian groups and Euroamericans engaged in a wide-range of cultural, political, economic, and familial interactions. I challenged the Turnerian frontier model that characterized the North American backcountry as a steadily retreating “fall line” separating the savagery of Amerindian existence and the epidemic civility of Anglo-America. On the Turnerian frontier, Anglo-American culture washed over the Appalachian and Native American backcountry in a wave of forced acculturation rendering resistance futile and communities and cultures transformed; or in Frederick Jackson Turner’s own words, “Moving westward, the frontier became more and more American.” Building upon Herbert Eugene Bolton’s “borderland model” and the work of “new Western and new Indian historians” such as Stephen Aron, James F. Brooks, David Weber, and Richard White, I presented a competing interpretation of the Appalachian backcountry. I argued that instead of a region thrust into chaos and confusion by forced Euroamerican acculturation, land hunger, and imperial warfare; Appalachia was a complicated “mixing zone,” a “middle ground” in which Amerindian and Euroamerican nations not only warred, but accommodated, negotiated, and cooperated

The Lost State of Franklin: America\u27s First Secession

In the years following the Revolutionary War, the young American nation was in a state of chaos. Citizens pleaded with government leaders to reorganize local infrastructures and heighten regulations, but economic turmoil, Native American warfare, and political unrest persisted. By 1784, one group of North Carolina frontiersmen could no longer stand the unresponsiveness of state leaders to their growing demands. This ambitious coalition of Tennessee Valley citizens declared their region independent from North Carolina, forming the state of Franklin. The Lost State of Franklin: America’s First Secession chronicles the history of this ill-fated movement from its origins in the early settlement of East Tennessee to its eventual violent demise. Author Kevin T. Barksdale investigates how this lost state failed so ruinously, examining its history and tracing the development of its modern mythology. The Franklin independence movement emerged from the shared desires of a powerful group of landed elite, yeoman farmers, and country merchants. Over the course of four years they managed to develop a functioning state government, court system, and backcountry bureaucracy. Cloaking their motives in the rhetoric of the American Revolution, the Franklinites aimed to defend their land claims, expand their economy, and eradicate the area’s Native American population. They sought admission into the union as America’s fourteenth state, but their secession never garnered support from outside the Tennessee Valley. Confronted by Native American resistance and the opposition of the North Carolina government, the state of Franklin incited a firestorm of partisan and Indian violence. Despite a brief diplomatic flirtation with the nation of Spain during the state’s final days, the state was never able to recover from the warfare, and Franklin collapsed in 1788. East Tennesseans now regard the lost state of Franklin as a symbol of rugged individualism and regional exceptionalism, but outside the region the movement has been largely forgotten. The Lost State of Franklin presents the complete history of this defiant secession and examines the formation of its romanticized local legacy. In reevaluating this complex political movement, Barksdale sheds light on a remarkable Appalachian insurrection and reminds readers of the extraordinary, fragile nature of America’s young independence. Kevin T. Barksdale is assistant professor of history at Marshall University. “Dr. Barksdale writes with admirable clarity, explaining convoluted events with engaging and accessible prose, a straight-forward organizational structure, and a rare sense of passion.”—David C. Hsiung, Juniata College, author of Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains: Exploring the Origins of Appalachian Stereotypes “The Lost State of Franklin speaks to a range of important issues in Southern history, issues that transcend narrow debates about North Carolina and Tennessee history. No scholar has done more to delineate the myths surrounding Franklin\u27s statehood from the bitter political battles that animated southern frontier society.”—Peter S. Carmichael, Eberly Professor of Civil War Studies, West Virginia University, author of The Last Generation: Young Virginias in Peace, War, and Reunion “A riveting and complex story of settlers and leaders who struggled to establish and maintain an independent government. Although short-lived and often forgotten, Franklin rightly deserves Barksdale’s engaging account.”—Paul H. Bergeron, Professor of History Emeritus, University of Tennessee “Kevin Barksdale’s painstakingly researched and elegantly written study of America’s first secession is required reading for everyone interested in early America, the frontier, and Appalachia.”—Ronald L. Lewis, Professor of History Emeritus, West Virginia University “The State of Franklin’s ill-fated quest for statehood is among the most intriguing episodes on the early American frontier and a pivotal movement in the nation’s political history. In Kevin Barksdale’s very able hands, this struggle transcends its Tennessee and Appalachian setting to become an even more significant reflection on the meanings of democracy and independence in the tenuous and tumultuous post-revolutionary era of westward expansion and nation-building.”—John C. Inscoe, author of Race, War, and Remembrance in the Appalachian South The Lost State of Franklin belongs in the reference collection of any local history buff.”—Bristol Herald Courier “Deeply researched and painstakingly annotated, this work will be of particular interest to scholars studying the antebellum South. Recommended for Southern history collections in academic libraries.”—Library Journal “[Barksdale] provides a balanced and accessible account that would interest anyone curious about our regional history.”—Chattanooga Free Press “I was glad to see a study like this in print, and I recommend it to everyone interested in the eighteenth century or the southern frontier. Thanks to Barksdale’s work, we now have a much clearer picture of this brief but fascinating episode in Tennessee history than we’ve ever had before. The \u27Lost\u27 State of Franklin didn’t endure, but in terms of scholarship, it isn’t lost anymore.”—Past in the Present “Barksdale has provided a nuanced and insightful examination of the state of Franklin. The book will serve as a must-read for students of the ‘lost’ state and of the frontier experience more broadly.”—Ohio Valley History “Kevin Barksdale presents the first scholarly study of the so-called “lost state” of Franklin since Samuel Cole Williams took up the subject in 1933.”—North Carolina Historical Review “In this welcome contribution to the problems of governance in the early republic, Kevin Barksdale presents a history of the failed State of Franklin. Franklin\u27s rise and fall remains an important counterpoint to much of American history because it is a story of failed possibilities.”—Tennessee Historical Quarterly “The Lost State of Franklin has a quality of déjà vu, which gives the reader the impression that the story has played out elsewhere. That is because the book is a microlevel reflection of the American experience. Perhaps that explains why it is so captivating and, more importantly, why it is so relevant.”—Journal of American History “Barksdale’s careful deconstruction of both the myths and realities of the \u27lost\u27 state of Franklin should make this book a standard reference for future scholars.”—American Historical Review “The book will be valuable for regional specialists and students interested in frontier politics, as well as Appalachian history and memory more broadly.”—West Virginia History “In the twentieth century, the story of Franklin appeared in memorials and exhibits and even inspired an outdoor drama and two romance novels. The story of Franklin deserves to be explored for its legacy in all three centuries.”—Register of the Kentucky Historical Society “His book is an important study of community grow on the trans-Appalachian frontier at a time when the guidelines for future expansion were being shaped.”—Journal of Southern Historyhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/1029/thumbnail.jp

Our Rebellious Neighbors : Virginia\u27s Border Counties During Pennsylvania\u27s Whiskey Rebellion

Focuses on the 1794 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, and its impact on the Virginia counties of Ohio, Harrison and Monongalia. Background on the Whiskey Rebellion; Concerns over the frontier dynamics occurring in Appalachian Virginia following the rebellion; Reaction from Pennsylvanians following the passage of the excise tax in March 1791

“We Will Hold Our Land:” The Cherokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792

In June of 1783, Spain’s newly-appointed Governor of Louisiana Estevan Miro convened a conference of southeastern Indians in Pensacola with representatives from the dominant regional Amerindian groups, including the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creeks in attendance. Among the attendees at the West Florida congress was a small contingent of Chickamauga Cherokee, led by their principal chief Dragging Canoe. During the parlay, Governor Miro implored the Indians to “not be afraid of the Americans,” promised to provide guns and ammunition in their ongoing efforts to prevent the further loss of their lands, and urged them to “continue to fight against American” westerners

“Upon the shoulders of giantsâ€: Deconstructing the lost state of Franklin, 1784–2005.

In 1784, the residents of the upper east Tennessee Valley declared themselves independent from their parent state of North Carolina. The political and economic leadership of the newly formed state of Franklin utilized the ideology, symbolism, and rhetoric of the American Revolution to garner local, regional and national support for the movement. After the state\u27s collapse in 1788, the state of Franklin continued to attract supporters and admirers, who considered the movement to be a noble extension of the revolution. Over the last two hundred years, historians, politicians, abolitionists, and business leaders have recast the legacy and meaning of the state of Franklin. I argue that the state of Franklin and its leadership were less than noble. East Tennessee\u27s land speculators and local economic elite led the effort to create America\u27s fourteenth state in order to protect and expand their landed wealth and political hegemony. During Franklin\u27s brief four-year existence, the state\u27s leadership engaged in dubious Cherokee land negotiations and pursued a policy of total Indian annihilation. Eventually, internal factionalism both within the statehood movement and the communities of the Tennessee Valley and North Carolina\u27s highly effective divide and conquer diplomatic strategy led to the dissolution of Franklin. Despite Franklin\u27s demise, its legacy, both real and mythologized, persisted. This dissertation examines specific examples of how individuals and groups have constructed and reshaped the history and meaning of Franklin to serve their specific agendas. These efforts include: Ezekiel Birdseye\u27s Free State of Frankland abolitionist effort, Andrew Johnson\u27s use of Franklin during the 1860 secession debate, the historical interpretations of Franklin historians, and finally, Franklin\u27s use in the twentieth century economic development of East Tennessee