Impact of spectral effects on the electrical parameters of multijunction amorphous silicon cells

The influence of spectral variation on the efficiency of single-, double- and triple-junction amorphous silicon cells has been investigated. The average photon energy (APE) proves to be a useful device-independent environmental parameter for quantifying the average hue of incident spectra. Single-junction devices increase in efficiency as light becomes blue shifted, because more of the incident spectrum lies within the absorption window and less in the redlinfra-red tail; this is denoted the primary spectral effect. Double- and triple-junction devices also exhibit a secondary spectral effect due to mismatch between the device structure and the incident spectrum. These both reach a maximum efficiency, which drops off as light is red or blue shifted. The effect is more pronounced for triple-junction than double-junction devices, as mismatch between junctions is statistically more likely

Characteristics of the study population.

Characteristics of the study population.</p

Age-adjusted bivariate associations of ZIP code characteristics with percent vaccinated and boosted.

Note: Each cell shows results of a separate OLS (ordinary least squares) regression model. The crude models are bivariate. The age-adjusted include controls for ZIP code age shares in the following groups: 5–19, 20–39, 40–64, and 65+ years. Heteroskedasticity-robust 95% confidence intervals are shown in parentheses. *p p p (PDF)</p

Percent vaccinated and boosted according to individual ZIP code characteristics.

Note: Data on vaccine and booster coverage are as of October 10, 2022. Fitted lines are from bivariate regressions. Coefficients and confidence intervals for bivariate and multivariable models are presented in Table 2. To preserve the scale across the plots, three outliers with estimated vaccine coverage over 115% were suppressed in the scatter plots but contribute to the fitted lines.</p

Percentage of residents with a COVID-19 (a) vaccine or (b) booster by ZIP code as of October 10, 2022.

Note: We analyzed data on 418 ZIP codes containing 97% of the MA population. ZIP codes labeled “missing/suppressed” were excluded because they corresponded to specific businesses or universities, to post office boxes rather than residential addresses, or because were the smallest 1% of ZIP codes, which we excluded due to instability of estimates. To facilitate comparisons across ZIP codes within each panel (a) and (b), the scales in the panels differ. Shape files were obtained from the US Census Bureau, accessed October 20, 2022: https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-geodatabase-file.html. Copyright protection is not available for any work of the United States Government (Title 17 U.S.C., Section 105).</p

Percentage of residents who have received a COVID-19 vaccine by ZIP code and age.

Note: Data are ranked by percent vaccinated with the primary series or booster shot. Vertical lines are 90% confidence intervals, which capture uncertainty due to sampling error in the population denominators. Due to the presence of sampling error in the denominators, neither the point estimates nor confidence bounds are constrained to be within the [0%,100%] interval.</p

Percent (A) vaccinated and (B) boosted in urban areas.

Note: S1 Fig displays higher-magnification maps of urban areas from the maps shown in Fig 1. To facilitate comparisons across ZIP codes within each panel (a) and (b), the scales in the panels differ. Shape files were obtained from the US Census Bureau, accessed October 20, 2022: https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-geodatabase-file.html. Copyright protection is not available for any work of the United States Government (Title 17 U.S.C., Section 105). (PDF)</p

Sex-stratified models: Associations of ZIP code characteristics with percentage vaccinated and boosted.

Note: Each column shows results of a separate OLS (ordinary least squares) regression model. The models are stratified by sex. Each includes controls for ZIP code age shares in the following groups: 5–19, 20–39, 40–64, and 65+ years. Heteroskedasticity-robust 95% confidence intervals are shown in parentheses. *p p p (PDF)</p

STROBE Checklist.

(PDF)</p

Association of ZIP code characteristics with percent vaccinated and boosted, by age.

Association of ZIP code characteristics with percent vaccinated and boosted, by age.</p