Pairwise correlations (<i>r</i>) and heritability estimates (<i>h</i>²) of antibody isotype responses to <i>P. falciparum</i> blood stage antigens for adult twins.

<p><i>r</i>, Pearson's correlation coefficient; n, number of twin pairs; CI, confidence interval of <i>h</i>² estimate; P values for significant heritability estimates are in bold. Analysis for IgE was performed with 56 Monozygous and 138 Dizygous twin pairs.</p

Contribution of HLA class II and non-HLA genes towards heritability of antibody responses to blood stage antigens in adult twins.

<p><i>h</i>², heritability estimates; <i>r</i>, Pearson's correlation coefficient; n, number of twin pairs; CI, confidence interval; MZ, monozygous twins; DZ, dizygous twins; those having a significant contribution by non-HLA genes are shown in bold. Analysis of IgE involved 56 MZ pairs.</p

Pairwise correlations (<i>r</i>) and heritability estimates (<i>h</i>²) of antibody isotype responses to <i>P. falciparum</i> blood stage antigens for child twins (wet season).

<p><i>r</i>, Pearson's correlation coefficient; n, number of twin pairs; CI, confidence interval of <i>h</i>² estimate; P values for significant heritability estimates are in bold.</p

Pairwise correlations (<i>r</i>) and heritability estimates (<i>h</i>²) of antibody isotype responses to <i>P. falciparum</i> blood stage antigens for child twins (dry season).

<p><i>r</i>, Pearson's correlation coefficient; n, number of twin pairs; CI, confidence interval of <i>h</i>² estimate; P values for significant heritability estimates are in bold.</p

Specific IgG responses to <i>Salmonella Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide</i> and <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> toxin antigens in HEU and HUU children at different ages.

<p>Levels of specific IgG titres were measured against STM LPS (<b>3A</b>) and PT (<b>3B</b>) in HEU and HUU at three time points, 6 months (during CTX prophylaxis), 12 months (At stopping CTX prophylaxis) and 18 months (6 months after CTX prophylaxis). X-axis represents age of children in months. Black horizontal bars represent medians. Black lines represent differences in the median titres between groups at each time point. Blue lines represent a significant increase in levels of IgG titres from baseline in each group. Significant differences are indicated in asterices: <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121643#pone.0121643.g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3A</a></b> # (<i>p</i> = 0.0013), ## (<i>p</i> = 0.0263), ### (<i>p</i> = 0.0038), <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121643#pone.0121643.g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3B</a></b> *(<i>p</i> = 0.05), ** (<i>p</i> = 0.0108), *** (<i>p</i> = 0.0297)</p

Specific IgG responses to <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> antigens in HEU and HUU children at different ages.

<p>Levels of specific IgG titres were measured against AMA-1 (<b>2A</b>), MSP-1₁₉ (<b>2B</b>), EBA-175RII (<b>2C</b>) and GLURP R2 (<b>2D</b>) in HEU and HUU at three time points, 6 months (during CTX prophylaxis), 12 months (At stopping CTX prophylaxis) and 18 months (6 months after CTX prophylaxis). X-axis represents age of children in months. Black horizontal bars represent medians. Black lines represent differences in the median titres between groups at each time point. Blue lines represent a significant change in levels of IgG titres from baseline in each group. Significant differences are indicated in asterices: <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121643#pone.0121643.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2A</a></b> *(<i>p</i> = 0.0059), # (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), ## (<i>p</i> = 0.0015), <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121643#pone.0121643.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2B</a></b> *(<i>p</i> = 0.037), <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121643#pone.0121643.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2C</a></b> # (<i>p</i> = 0.0372), <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121643#pone.0121643.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2D</a></b> # (<i>p</i> = 0.0107), ## (<i>p</i> = 0.0021).</p

Relative variable importance of responses to each antigen from 100 boosted regression tree models predicting <i>P</i>. <i>knowlesi</i> seropositivity.

<p>Median values for the relative variable importance and interquartile ranges are shown for all antigens tested: SERA3 ag 1 (4.8%; IQR 2.5–7.8%); SERA3 ag 2 (50.4%; IQR 43.3–61.4%); <i>Pk</i>SSP2/TRAP (6.5%; IQR 3.7–11.8%) and TSERA ag 1 (34.2%; IQR 26.2–41.8%).</p

Summary of recombinant antigen construct characteristics.

<p>Summary of recombinant antigen construct characteristics.</p

Serial fold increase in antibody reactivity for each antigen following treatment of knowlesi malaria.

<p>(a) SERA3 ag1, (b) SERA3 ag2, (c) SSP2/TRAP and (d) TSERA2 ag1. Asterisks indicate level of significance, ns denotes non-significant values (p≤0.0001 ****; p≤0.001 ***; p≤0.01 **; p≤0.05 * and p>0.05 ns).</p

Mapping signatures to particular regions within genes.

<p>A. Plots of linkage disequilibrium (<i>r</i>²) with distance between polymorphic nucleotides within genes each containing 10 or more SNPs. Nine genes are illustrated: left hand column shows genes with data on SNPs covering <500 bp, middle column 500–1000 bp, and right hand column >1000 bp, each column plotted with a different x-axis scale. Decline of LD with distance is evident in most genes, although the bottom plots show examples with some extended LD over most of the sequence analysed. B. Sliding window analysis identifies regions of genes with candidate signatures of balancing selection: top plot shows a <i>PHISTa</i> gene (PFL2555w) with high Tajima's D values in the 5′-region; middle plot shows the strongest signature on a <i>clag</i>-like gene (MAL7P1.229) is in the 3′-region; bottom plot for PF10_0355 shows the signature in the middle of the sequence. Window size of 100 bp was applied with step size of 25 bp.</p