Electronic Supplementary Material from Before platelets: the production of platelet-activating factor during growth and stress in a basal marine organism

Corals and humans represent two extremely disparate metazoan lineages and are therefore useful for comparative evolutionary studies. Two lipid-based molecules that are central to human immunity, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and Lyso-PAF were recently identified in scleractinian corals. To identify processes in corals that involve these molecules, PAF and Lyso-PAF biosynthesis was quantified in conditions known to stimulate PAF production in mammals (tissue growth and exposure to elevated levels of ultraviolet light) and in conditions unique to corals (competing with neighbouring colonies over benthic space). Similar to observations in mammals, PAF production was higher in regions of active tissue growth and increased when corals were exposed to elevated levels of ultraviolet light. PAF production also increased when corals were attacked by the stinging cells of a neighbouring colony, though only the attacked coral exhibited an increase in PAF. This reaction was observed in adjacent areas of the colony, indicating that this response is coordinated across multiple polyps including those not directly subject to the stress. PAF and Lyso-PAF are involved in coral stress responses that are both shared with mammals and unique to the ecology of cnidarians

Results of the new GLM analysis using ranked speech scores in noise with a CI as the dependent variable.

<p>Results of the new GLM analysis using ranked speech scores in noise with a CI as the dependent variable.</p

Significant effect of Pure Tone Average thresholds of the better ear on the residual percentile rank.

<p>Error bars indicate +/− two standard errors of the mean for each pure tone average range (approximately equivalent to the 95% confidence interval for each mean value shown on the graph; if two mean values fall within one error bar, then the means are not significantly different (p>0.05)). The numbers next to each symbol indicate the number of data points in that range.</p

Significant effect of percentage of active electrodes on the residual percentile rank.

<p>Error bars indicate +/− two standard errors of the mean for each range (approximately equivalent to the 95% confidence interval for each mean value shown on the graph; if two mean values fall within one error bar, then the means are not significantly different (p>0.05)). The numbers next to each symbol indicate the number of data points in that range.</p

Significant effect of brands of CI on the residual percentile rank.

<p>Error bars indicate +/− two standard errors of the mean for each CI brand (approximately equivalent to the 95% confidence interval for each mean value shown on the graph; if two mean values fall within one error bar, then the means are not significantly different (p>0.05)). The numbers of data points for each brand were not indicated to avoid potential identification of the individual brands.</p

Absolute numbers of the various etiologies defined in the dataset.

<p>These etiologies are classified by poorest to best speech outcome in quiet with a CI. ANSD: Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. “Miscellaneous” included non-genetic congenital etiologies, cerebral ischemia, drepanocytosis, cephalic trauma without temporal bone fracture, etc. CI recipients presenting with the etiologies encompassed between the two vertical dotted lines showed performances around average, i.e. 50% of speech recognition (not statistically different from average). CI recipients presenting with etiologies on the left part of the dotted lines performed significantly below average. CI recipients presenting with etiologies on the right part of the dotted lines performed significantly better than average. Adapted from Blamey et al (in press).</p

Three-stage model of mean expected auditory performance ranking over time for a hypothetical “average CI recipient”.

<p>The detailed description of the Figure is in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048739#s3" target="_blank">Results</a> section. mHL: moderate hearing loss; s/p HL: severe to profound hearing loss, HA: hearind aid.</p

Results from the 15 five-factor GLM analyses.

<p>Results from the 15 five-factor GLM analyses.</p