Noticing and weighing alternatives in the reflection of regular classroom teaching: Evidence of expertise using mobile eye-tracking

Instructional videos are widely used to study teachers’ professional vision. A new technological development in video research is mobile eye-tracking (MET). It has the potential to provide fine-grained insights into teachers’ professional vision in action, but has yet been scarcely employed. We addressed this research gap by using MET video feedback to examine how expert and novice teachers differed in their noticing and weighing of alternative teaching strategies. Expert and novice teachers’ lessons were recorded with MET devices. Then, they commented on what they observe while watching their own teaching videos. Using a mixed methods approach, we found that expert and novice teachers did not differ in the number of classroom events they noticed and alternative teaching strategies they mentioned. However, novice teachers were more critical of their own teaching than expert teachers, particularly when they considered alternative teaching strategies. Practical implications for the field of teacher education are discussed

Wandering eyes: Eye movements during mind wandering in video lectures

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154300/1/acp3632_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154300/2/acp3632.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154300/3/acp3632-sup-0001-Suppinfo.pd

Noticing and weighing alternatives in the reflection of regular classroom teaching: Evidence of expertise using mobile eye-tracking

Instructional videos are widely used to study teachers’ professional vision. A new technological development in video research is mobile eye-tracking (MET). It has the potential to provide fine-grained insights into teachers’ professional vision in action, but has yet been scarcely employed. We addressed this research gap by using MET video feedback to examine how expert and novice teachers differed in their noticing and weighing of alternative teaching strategies. Expert and novice teachers’ lessons were recorded with MET devices. Then, they commented on what they observe while watching their own teaching videos. Using a mixed methods approach, we found that expert and novice teachers did not differ in the number of classroom events they noticed and alternative teaching strategies they mentioned. However, novice teachers were more critical of their own teaching than expert teachers, particularly when they considered alternative teaching strategies. Practical implications for the field of teacher education are discussed. © 2021, The Author(s)

An automated motion detection and reward system for animal training

article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

No Second Chance to Make a First Impression: The “Thin‐Slice” Effect on Instructor Ratings and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134071/1/jedm12116_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134071/2/jedm12116.pd

Applications of Improvements to the Pythagorean Won-Loss Expectation in Optimizing Rosters

Bill James' Pythagorean formula has for decades done an excellent job estimating a baseball team's winning percentage from very little data: if the average runs scored and allowed are denoted respectively by ${\rm RS}$ and ${\rm RA}$, there is some $\gamma$ such that the winning percentage is approximately ${\rm RS}^\gamma / ({\rm RS}^\gamma + {\rm RA}^\gamma)$. One important consequence is to determine the value of different players to the team, as it allows us to estimate how many more wins we would have given a fixed increase in run production. We summarize earlier work on the subject, and extend the earlier theoretical model of Miller (who estimated the run distributions as arising from independent Weibull distributions with the same shape parameter; this has been observed to describe the observed run data well). We now model runs scored and allowed as being drawn from independent Weibull distributions where the shape parameter is not necessarily the same, and then use the Method of Moments to solve a system of four equations in four unknowns. Doing so yields a predicted winning percentage that is consistently better than earlier models over the last 30 MLB seasons (1994 to 2023). This comes at a small cost as we no longer have a closed form expression but must evaluate a two-dimensional integral of two Weibull distributions and numerically estimate the solutions to the system of equations; as these are trivial to do with simple computational programs it is well worth adopting this framework and avoiding the issues of implementing the Method of Least Squares or the Method of Maximum Likelihood

Tomographic inversion for sediment parameters in shallow water

This article discusses inversions for bottom geoacoustic properties using broadband acoustic signals obtained from explosive sources. The experimental data used for the inversions are SUS charge explosions acquired on a vertical hydrophone array during the Shelf Break Primer Experiment conducted south of New England in the Middle Atlantic Bight in August 1996. The SUS signals were analyzed for their time-frequency behavior using wavelets. The group speed dispersion curves were obtained from the wavelet scalogram of the SUS signals. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used for the inversion of sound speeds in the water column and compressional wave speeds in the sediment layers. The variations in the sound speeds in the water column were represented using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). A range-independent normal mode routine was used to construct the replica fields corresponding to the parameters. Comparison of group speeds for modes 1 to 9 and for a range of frequencies 8 to 200 Hz was used to arrive at the best parameter fit. An efficient hybrid optimization scheme using the GA and a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is presented. Linear perturbation methods were also used to “fine tune” the inversions and to obtain resolution and variance estimates. Analysis was also done to compute the degree of convergence of each of the parameters by explicitly calculating the Hessian matrices numerically. A posteriori estimation of mean and covariance was also done to obtain error estimates. Group speeds for the inverted sound speed fields provide an excellent match to the experimental data. The inverted sediment compressional speed profile compares well with in situ measurements

Three-dimensional propagation effects near the mid-Atlantic Bight shelf break (L)

Significant three-dimensional (3-D) environmental variability exists in the vicinity of the shelf break along the mid-Atlantic Bight. This study examines the influence of azimuthal coupling due to this variability on acoustic propagation in this region. Numerical studies employing a 3-D ray code, a hybrid ray-mode code, and a 3-D parabolic equation model are used to study the significance of azimuthal coupling on various propagation paths. These paths include up-slope, slant-slope, and cross-slope propagation. The numerical analysis suggests that, for the propagation ranges less than 60 km examined, the influence of azimuthal coupling is negligible compared to the inherent uncertainty in the environment itself

Brain temperature and its fundamental properties: a review for clinical neuroscientists

Brain temperature, as an independent therapeutic target variable, has received increasingly intense clinical attention. To date, brain hypothermia represents the most potent neuroprotectant in laboratory studies. Although the impact of brain temperature is prevalent in a number of common human diseases including: head trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, mood disorders, headaches, and neurodegenerative disorders, it is evident and well recognized that the therapeutic application of induced hypothermia is limited to a few highly selected clinical conditions such as cardiac arrest and hypoxic ischemic neonatal encephalopathy. Efforts to understand the fundamental aspects of brain temperature regulation are therefore critical for the development of safe, effective, and pragmatic clinical treatments for patients with brain injuries. Although centrally-mediated mechanisms to maintain a stable body temperature are relatively well established, very little is clinically known about brain temperature's spatial and temporal distribution, its physiological and pathological fluctuations, and the mechanism underlying brain thermal homeostasis. The human brain, a metabolically “expensive” organ with intense heat production, is sensitive to fluctuations in temperature with regards to its functional activity and energy efficiency. In this review, we discuss several critical aspects concerning the fundamental properties of brain temperature from a clinical perspective