133 research outputs found
Arsenic Species in Marine Samples
Arsenic occurs in seawater, in predominantly inorganic forms, at concentrations of about 1-2 μg/L. These concentrations are higher than those of most other potentially toxic metals and semimetals. Marine organisms have coped by exploiting the rich organic chemistry of arsenic to transform inorganic arsenic into a range of essentially non-toxic organoarsenic compounds. The resulting diversity of arsenic species found in marine samples is reviewed together with an overview of analytical methods for their determination. The relevance of the chemical form of arsenic to its bioavailability to marine organisms is also discussed
The effects of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment on a group of persons with aphasia: Replication and extension of previous findings
The current study aims to replicate and extend previous findings with a larger number of participants. Specifically, we asked whether training a set of verbs generalizes to production of 1) sentences containing trained verbs (The carpenter measures the lumber.), 2) sentence containing untrained semantically related verbs (The farmer weighs the apples.), 3) sentences unrelated to treatment (The dog watches the cat.), and 4) single word naming of nouns and verbs. Changes to Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) scores and responses to the CETI completed by communication partners (e.g., spouses of participants) were also evaluated
Adjustable current-induced magnetization switching utilizing interlayer exchange coupling
Electrical current-induced deterministic magnetization switching in a magnetic multilayer structure without external magnetic field is realized by utilizing interlayer exchange coupling. Two ferromagnetic Co layers, with in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropy respectively, are separated by a spacer Ta layer, which plays a dual role of inducing antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling, and contributing to the current-induced effective magnetic field through the spin Hall effect. The current-induced magnetization switching behavior can be tuned by pre-magnetizing the in-plane Co layer. The antiferromagnetic exchange coupling field increases with decreasing thickness of the Ta layer, reaching 630 ±5 Oe for a Ta thickness of 1.5nm. The magnitude of the current-induced perpendicular effective magnetic field from spin-orbit torque is 9.2 Oe/(107Acm-2). The large spin Hall angle of Ta, opposite in sign to that of Pt, results in a low critical current density of 9×106A/cm2. This approach is promising for the electrical switching of magnetic memory elements without external magnetic field
Deterministic Magnetization Switching Using Lateral Spin–Orbit Torque
Current-induced magnetization switching by spin-orbit torque (SOT) holds
considerable promise for next generation ultralow-power memory and logic
applications. In most cases, generation of spin-orbit torques has relied on an
external injection of out-of-plane spin currents into the magnetic layer, while
an external magnetic field along the electric current direction is generally
required for realizing deterministic switching by SOT. Here, we report
deterministic current-induced SOT full magnetization switching by lateral
spin-orbit torque in zero external magnetic field. The Pt/Co/Pt magnetic
structure was locally annealed by a laser track along the in-plane current
direction, resulting in a lateral Pt gradient within the ferromagnetic layer,
as confirmed by microstructure and chemical composition analysis. In zero
magnetic field, the direction of the deterministic current-induced
magnetization switching depends on the location of the laser track, but shows
no dependence on the net polarization of external out-of-plane spin currents.
From the behavior under external magnetic fields, we identify two independent
mechanisms giving rise to SOT, i.e. the lateral Pt-Co asymmetry as well as
out-of-plane injected spin currents, where the polarization and the magnitude
of the SOT in the former case depends on the relative location and the laser
power of the annealing track. Our results demonstrate an efficient field-free
deterministic full magnetization switching scheme, without requiring
out-of-plane spin current injection or complex external stack structures.Comment: 39 Pages, 9 Figure
Properties of metastable alkaline-earth-metal atoms calculated using an accurate effective core potential
The first three electronically excited states in the alkaline-earth-metal
atoms magnesium, calcium, and strontium comprise the (nsnp) triplet P^o_J
(J=0,1,2) fine-structure manifold. All three states are metastable and are of
interest for optical atomic clocks as well as for cold-collision physics. An
efficient technique--based on a physically motivated potential that models the
presence of the ionic core--is employed to solve the Schroedinger equation for
the two-electron valence shell. In this way, radiative lifetimes, laser-induced
clock shifts, and long-range interaction parameters are calculated for
metastable Mg, Ca, and Sr.Comment: 13 pages, 9 table
Increasing the Rate of Magnesium Intercalation Underneath Epitaxial Graphene on 6H-SiC(0001)
Magnesium intercalated 'quasi-freestanding' bilayer graphene on 6H-SiC(0001)
(Mg-QFSBLG) has many favorable properties (e.g., highly n-type doped,
relatively stable in ambient conditions). However, intercalation of Mg
underneath monolayer graphene is challenging, requiring multiple intercalation
steps. Here, we overcome these challenges and subsequently increase the rate of
Mg intercalation by laser patterning (ablating) the graphene to form
micron-sized discontinuities. We then use low energy electron diffraction to
verify Mg-intercalation and conversion to Mg-QFSBLG, and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy to determine the Mg intercalation rate for patterned and
non-patterned samples. By modeling Mg intercalation with the Verhulst equation,
we find that the intercalation rate increase for the patterned sample is
4.51.7. Since the edge length of the patterned sample is 5.2
times that of the non-patterned sample, the model implies that the increased
intercalation rate is proportional to the increase in edge length. Moreover, Mg
intercalation likely begins at graphene discontinuities in pristine samples
(not step edges or flat terraces), where the 2D-like crystal growth of
Mg-silicide proceeds. Our laser patterning technique may enable the rapid
intercalation of other atomic or molecular species, thereby expanding upon the
library of intercalants used to modify the characteristics of graphene, or
other 2D materials and heterostructures.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figure
Molecular beam epitaxy of CuMnAs
We present a detailed study of the growth of the tetragonal polymorph of
antiferromagnetic CuMnAs by the molecular beam epitaxy technique. We explore
the parameter space of growth conditions and their effect on the
microstructural and transport properties of the material. We identify its
typical structural defects and compare the properties of epitaxial CuMnAs
layers grown on GaP, GaAs and Si substrates. Finally, we investigate the
correlation between the crystalline quality of CuMnAs and its performance in
terms of electrically induced resistance switching.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures and supplementary materia
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Focused Mid‐Crustal Magma Intrusion During Continental Break‐Up in Ethiopia
Significant volumes of magma can be intruded into the crust during continental break‐up, influencing rift evolution by altering the thermo‐mechanical structure of the crust and its response to extensional stresses. Rift magmas additionally feed surface volcanic activity and can be globally significant sources of tectonic CO2 emissions. Understanding how magmatism may affect rift development requires knowledge on magma intrusion depths in the crust. Here, using data from olivine‐hosted melt inclusions, we investigate magma dynamics for basaltic intrusions in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). We find evidence for a spatially focused zone of magma intrusion at the MER upper‐lower crustal boundary (10–15 km depth), consistent with geophysical datasets. We propose that ascending melts in the MER are intruded over this depth range as discrete sills, likely creating a mechanically weak mid‐crustal layer. Our results have important implications for how magma addition can influence crustal rheology in a maturing continental rift
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