4 research outputs found
Synthesis of 3‑(Hetero)aryl Tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4‑<i>c</i>]pyridines by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Methodology
A new
synthetic route to 3-(heteroaryl) tetrahydropyrazoloÂ[3,4-<i>c</i>]Âpyridines has been developed that uses the Suzuki–Miyaura
cross-coupling of a triflate <b>6</b> with (hetero)Âaryl
boronic acids or esters. Using PdÂ(OAc)<sub>2</sub> and XPhos or an
XPhos precatalyst, a diverse range of substituents at the C3 position
of the tetrahydropyrazoloÂ[3,4-<i>c</i>]Âpyridine
skeleton were prepared. The use of pivaloyloxymethyl and benzyl protection
also offers the potential to differentially functionalize the pyrazole
and tetrahydropyridine nitrogens
Discovery of 4‑{4-[(3<i>R</i>)‑3-Methylmorpholin-4-yl]-6-[1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl]pyrimidin-2-yl}‑1<i>H</i>‑indole (AZ20): A Potent and Selective Inhibitor of ATR Protein Kinase with Monotherapy in Vivo Antitumor Activity
ATR
is an attractive new anticancer drug target whose inhibitors
have potential as chemo- or radiation sensitizers or as monotherapy
in tumors addicted to particular DNA-repair pathways. We describe
the discovery and synthesis of a series of sulfonylmorpholinopyrimidines
that show potent and selective ATR inhibition. Optimization from a
high quality screening hit within tight SAR space led to compound <b>6</b> (AZ20) which inhibits ATR immunoprecipitated from HeLa nuclear
extracts with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 5 nM and ATR mediated phosphorylation
of Chk1 in HT29 colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 50 nM. Compound <b>6</b> potently inhibits the
growth of LoVo colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor cells in vitro and
has high free exposure in mouse following moderate oral doses. At
well tolerated doses <b>6</b> leads to significant growth inhibition
of LoVo xenografts grown in nude mice. Compound <b>6</b> is
a useful compound to explore ATR pharmacology in vivo
Small Molecule Binding Sites on the Ras:SOS Complex Can Be Exploited for Inhibition of Ras Activation
Constitutively
active mutant KRas displays a reduced rate of GTP
hydrolysis via both intrinsic and GTPase-activating protein-catalyzed
mechanisms, resulting in the perpetual activation of Ras pathways.
We describe a fragment screening campaign using X-ray crystallography
that led to the discovery of three fragment binding sites on the Ras:SOS
complex. The identification of tool compounds binding at each of these
sites allowed exploration of two new approaches to Ras pathway inhibition
by stabilizing or covalently modifying the Ras:SOS complex to prevent
the reloading of Ras with GTP. Initially, we identified ligands that
bound reversibly to the Ras:SOS complex in two distinct sites, but
these compounds were not sufficiently potent inhibitors to validate
our stabilization hypothesis. We conclude by demonstrating that covalent
modification of Cys118 on Ras leads to a novel mechanism of inhibition
of the SOS-mediated interaction between Ras and Raf and is effective
at inhibiting the exchange of labeled GDP in both mutant (G12C and
G12V) and wild type Ras
Discovery of Pyrazolo[1,5‑<i>a</i>]pyrimidine B‑Cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6) Binders and Optimization to High Affinity Macrocyclic Inhibitors
Inhibition of the protein–protein
interaction between B-cell
lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and corepressors has been implicated as a therapeutic
target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cancers and profiling
of potent and selective BCL6 inhibitors are critical to test this
hypothesis. We identified a pyrazoloÂ[1,5-<i>a</i>]Âpyrimidine
series of BCL6 binders from a fragment screen in parallel with a virtual
screen. Using structure-based drug design, binding affinity was increased
100000-fold. This involved displacing crystallographic water, forming
new ligand–protein interactions and a macrocyclization to favor
the bioactive conformation of the ligands. Optimization for slow off-rate
constant kinetics was conducted as well as improving selectivity against
an off-target kinase, CK2. Potency in a cellular BCL6 assay was further
optimized to afford highly selective probe molecules. Only weak antiproliferative
effects were observed across a number of DLBCL lines and a multiple
myeloma cell line without a clear relationship to BCL6 potency. As
a result, we conclude that the BCL6 hypothesis in DLBCL cancer remains
unproven