Generalized Interpolation Material Point Approach to High Melting Explosive with Cavities Under Shock

Criterion for contacting is critically important for the Generalized Interpolation Material Point(GIMP) method. We present an improved criterion by adding a switching function. With the method dynamical response of high melting explosive(HMX) with cavities under shock is investigated. The physical model used in the present work is an elastic-to-plastic and thermal-dynamical model with Mie-Gr\"uneissen equation of state. We mainly concern the influence of various parameters, including the impacting velocity $v$, cavity size $R$, etc, to the dynamical and thermodynamical behaviors of the material. For the colliding of two bodies with a cavity in each, a secondary impacting is observed. Correspondingly, the separation distance $D$ of the two bodies has a maximum value $D_{\max}$ in between the initial and second impacts. When the initial impacting velocity $v$ is not large enough, the cavity collapses in a nearly symmetric fashion, the maximum separation distance $D_{\max}$ increases with $v$. When the initial shock wave is strong enough to collapse the cavity asymmetrically along the shock direction, the variation of $D_{\max}$ with $v$ does not show monotonic behavior. Our numerical results show clear indication that the existence of cavities in explosive helps the creation of ``hot spots''.Comment: Figs.2,4,7,11 in JPG format; Accepted for publication in J. Phys. D: Applied Physic

Horticultural Availability and Homeowner Preferences Drive Plant Diversity and Composition in Urban Yards

Understanding the factors that influence biodiversity in urban areas is important for informing management efforts aimed at enhancing the ecosystem services in urban settings and curbing the spread of invasive introduced species. We determined the ecological and socioeconomic factors that influence patterns of plant richness, phylogenetic diversity, and composition in 133 private household yards in the Minneapolis‐Saint Paul Metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. We compared the composition of spontaneously occurring plant species and those planted by homeowners with composition in natural areas (at the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve) and in the horticulture pool of species available from commercial growers. Yard area and fertilizer frequency influenced species richness of the spontaneous species but expressed homeowner values did not. In contrast, the criteria that homeowners articulated as important in their management decisions, including aesthetics, wildlife, neatness and food provision, significantly predicted cultivated species richness. Strikingly, the composition of plant species that people cultivated in their yards resembled the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of species available commercially. In contrast, the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of spontaneous species showed high similarity to natural areas. The large fraction of introduced species that homeowners planted was a likely consequence of what was available for them to purchase. The study links the composition and diversity of yard flora to their natural and anthropogenic sources and sheds light on the human factors and values that influence the plant diversity in residential areas of a major urban system. Enhanced understanding of the influences of the sources of plants, both native and introduced, that enter urban systems and the human factors and values that influence their diversity is critical to identifying the levers to manage urban biodiversity and ecosystem services

Numerical modeling of shock-sensitivity experiments

The Forest Fire rate model of shock initiation of heterogeneous explosives has been used to study several experiments commonly performed to measure the sensitivity of explosives to shock and to study initiation by explosive-formed jets. The minimum priming charge test, the gap test, the shotgun test, sympathetic detonation, and jet initiation have been modeled numerically using the Forest Fire rate in the reactive hydrodynamic codes SIN and 2DE

Ursinus College Alumni Journal, March 1963

The President writes • Dr. McClure\u27s charge to graduating classes • Norman Egbert McClure: A tribute • Faculty memorial minute • Alumni memorial minute • Twenty-five years of the Messiah at Ursinus • As I recall • A gift for the First Lady • Philip L. Corson • Gypsy: Hail and farewell • Controversy at midnight • Two students leave for Peace Corps • Capital funds subscription total $467,392 to date • Capital funds • McClure and Bone memorials • The Century Club • Dining hall news • Mid-year report of 1963 Loyalty Fund campaign • The third alumni seminar • Clawson to be honored • Reimert recognized • Paisley elected college treasurer • Travel seminar • Navy V-12 reunion planned • Church headquarters at Ursinus • You and the future of Ursinus • College costs • Alumni album • Franklin Earnest III, \u2739 • Walter F. Longacre, \u2714 • Lyndell R. Reber, \u2736 • Archer P. Crosley, \u2742 • Robert S. Litwak, \u2745 • Michael R. Deitz, \u2754 • Allan Lake Rice • Dean concludes career • Wrestling • Dryfoos the greatest • Nominees for Alumni Association offices • Class notes • Weddings • Births • Necrology • Regionalshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/alumnijournal/1076/thumbnail.jp

The Non-Uniform Distribution of Galaxies from Data of the SDSS DR7 Survey

We have analyzed the spatial distribution of galaxies from the release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey of galactic redshifts (SDSS DR7), applying the complete correlation function (conditional density), two-point conditional density (cylinder), and radial density methods. Our analysis demonstrates that the conditional density has a power-law form for scales lengths 0.5-30 Mpc/h, with the power-law corresponding to the fractal dimension D = 2.2+-0.2; for scale lengths in excess of 30 Mpc/h, it enters an essentially flat regime, as is expected for a uniform distribution of galaxies. However, in the analysis applying the cylinder method, the power-law character with D = 2.0+-0.3 persists to scale lengths of 70 Mpc/h. The radial density method reveals inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of galaxies on scales of 200 Mpc/h with a density contrast of two, confirming that translation invariance is violated in the distribution of galaxies to 300 Mpc/h, with the sampling depth of the SDSS galaxies being 600 Mpc/h.Comment: 22 page

The distribution of pond snail communities across a landscape: separating out the influence of spatial position from local habitat quality for ponds in south-east Northumberland, UK

Ponds support a rich biodiversity because the heterogeneity of individual ponds creates, at the landscape scale, a diversity of habitats for wildlife. The distribution of pond animals and plants will be influenced by both the local conditions within a pond and the spatial distribution of ponds across the landscape. Separating out the local from the spatial is difficult because the two are often linked. Pond snails are likely to be affected by both local conditions, e.g. water hardness, and spatial patterns, e.g. distance between ponds, but studies of snail communities struggle distinguishing between the two. In this study, communities of snails were recorded from 52 ponds in a biogeographically coherent landscape in north-east England. The distribution of snail communities was compared to local environments characterised by the macrophyte communities within each pond and to the spatial pattern of ponds throughout the landscape. Mantel tests were used to partial out the local versus the landscape respective influences. Snail communities became more similar in ponds that were closer together and in ponds with similar macrophyte communities as both the local and the landscape scale were important for this group of animals. Data were collected from several types of ponds, including those created on nature reserves specifically for wildlife, old field ponds (at least 150 years old) primarily created for watering livestock and subsidence ponds outside protected areas or amongst coastal dunes. No one pond type supported all the species. Larger, deeper ponds on nature reserves had the highest numbers of species within individual ponds but shallow, temporary sites on farm land supported a distinct temporary water fauna. The conservation of pond snails in this region requires a diversity of pond types rather than one idealised type and ponds scattered throughout the area at a variety of sites, not just concentrated on nature reserves

Sequence-selective detection of double-stranded DNA sequences using pyrrole-imidazole polyamide microarrays

We describe a microarray format that can detect double-stranded DNA sequences with a high degree of sequence selectivity. Cyclooctyne-derivatized pyrrole-imidazole polyamides were immobilized on azide-modified glass substrates using microcontact printing and a strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction. These polyamide-immobilized substrates selectively detected a seven-base-pair binding site incorporated within a double-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequence even in the presence of an excess of a sequence with a single-base-pair mismatc

Placement and orientation of individual DNA shapes on lithographically patterned surfaces

Artificial DNA nanostructures show promise for the organization of functional materials to create nanoelectronic or nano-optical devices. DNA origami, in which a long single strand of DNA is folded into a shape using shorter 'staple strands', can display 6-nm-resolution patterns of binding sites, in principle allowing complex arrangements of carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, or quantum dots. However, DNA origami are synthesized in solution and uncontrolled deposition results in random arrangements; this makes it difficult to measure the properties of attached nanodevices or to integrate them with conventionally fabricated microcircuitry. Here we describe the use of electron-beam lithography and dry oxidative etching to create DNA origami-shaped binding sites on technologically useful materials, such as SiO_2 and diamond-like carbon. In buffer with ~ 100 mM MgCl_2, DNA origami bind with high selectivity and good orientation: 70–95% of sites have individual origami aligned with an angular dispersion (±1 s.d.) as low as ±10° (on diamond-like carbon) or ±20° (on SiO_2)

Neutron reflection study of the adsorption of the phosphate surfactant NaDEHP onto alumina from water.

The adsorption of a phosphorus analogue of the surfactant AOT, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (NaDEHP), at the water/alumina interface is described. The material is found to adsorb as an essentially water-free bilayer from neutron reflection measurements. This is similar to the behavior of AOT under comparable conditions, although AOT forms a thicker, more hydrated layer. The NaDEHP shows rather little variation with added salt, but a small thickening of the layer on increasing the pH, in contrast to the behavior of AOT.We thank BP plc and EPSRC for financial support for this work as well as the ISIS and ILL staff and scientists for the allocation of beam time and technical assistance with NR measurements. We also appreciate Chris Sporikou at Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, for help with the surfactant synthesis.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared at http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la504837