Human Microbiome and Proteus Mirabilis in the Development and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. This study was conducted to determine the significance of Proteus mirabilis as a trigger for the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis based on the human microbiome theory. Background. Earlier research has demonstrated the connection between the oral microbiota and the development of Rheumatoid arthritis through the development of citrullinated auto-antigens. However, Proteus mirabilis, classically known as a trigger for UTIs has also been shown to lead to higher levels of anti-citrullinated antibodies in RA patients via specific genetic sequences. Methods. This retrospective case study evaluates the new research linking Proteus mirabilis to the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis, expanding upon Ebringer’s theorical model and comparing his research to new findings. The research supports the use of shared epitope sequences IRRET and ESRRAL, demonstrating molecular mimicry. Results: These patients were also found to have higher levels of the IRRET and ESSRAL sequences in P. mirabilis, via molecular mimicry to type XI collagen, a part of hyaline cartilage. These findings indicate that a trigger such as a UTI that increases P. mirabilis levels disrupts the natural composition of the human microbiome. Conclusion. Current treatment of P. mirabilis involves typical uncomplicated UTI antibiotic theory. However, due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and to limit potential side effects, the development of plant based therapy may have positive future indications in treatment. It has been found that resveratrol, an anti-inflammatory antioxidant from South African plants has been shown to control both P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris. Grants: N/A

Bandwidth Impacts of Localizing Peer-to-Peer IP Video Traffic in Access and Aggregation Networks

Abstract This paper examines the burgeoning impact of peer-to-peer (P2P) traffic IP video traffic. High-quality IPTV or Internet TV has high-bandwidth requirements, and P2P IP video could severely strain broadband networks. A model for the popularity of video titles is given, showing that some titles are very popular and will often be available locally; making localized P2P attractive for video titles. The bandwidth impacts of localizing P2P video to try and keep traffic within a broadband access network area or within a broadband access aggregation network area are examined. Results indicate that such highly localized P2P video can greatly lower core bandwidth usage.</p