"The Quiet Migration Redux: International Adoption, Race, and Difference" Critique

Jessaca B. Leinaweaver’s article, “The Quiet Migration Redux: International Adoption, Race, and Difference”, the reader is presented with the issue that transnational adoptees are presented solely through a migratory view and how that is not the best fit due to the nature of transnational adoption. Leinaweaver shifts into a new hybrid perspective for these adoptees and the people close to them through her position and skills as an anthropologist rather than a demographer. Though she doesn’t make any noticeable change, promoting her viewpoint may help bridge understanding between transnational adoptees and the communities they live in

재생 에너지 이용이 캄보디아 전력 공급 안보에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2021. 2. 구윤모.Due to the fast-rising energy demand in Cambodia in the last two decades, conventional electricity power plants have been deployed together with additional electricity imported. Among domestic resources, coal power plants and large hydro are dominant in the generation mix, while green energy sources are relatively low. Energy security and environmental emissions reduction have become higher priorities to ensure sustainable energy supply at affordable costs for continued economic growth and development in Cambodia. In addressing these issues, renewable energy plays a vital role in the long-term electricity supply security and sustainable development. This study applied the ARIMA (1,2,2) model for electricity demand forecasting, then applied the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) model to estimate and analyze the renewable energy potential in Cambodia's electricity generation mix. It determines the best mix of electricity generation technologies based on availability of domestic renewable energy sources, renewable energy share target, and emissions reduction target. Six scenarios, excluding the baseline scenario, have been formulated: two scenarios focus on the availability of renewable energy potential; on the other hand, two scenarios consider only the specified shares of renewable energy in the generation mix in 2050, and the last two scenarios combine the availability of renewable potential and targeted shares of renewable energy in generation mix. Results from the LEAP model, such as capacity expansion, energy generation, costs, and emissions, were used to investigate the effects of their changes on Cambodias future electricity supply. The results showed that electricity demand in Cambodia would rise from 12.12 TWh in 2020 to 87.74 TWh in 2050. For domestic electricity generation, in optimal utilization of renewable energy with maximum net present value, renewable energy electricity generation would reach 6.16TWh (22.27%), 13.11TWh (25%), and 33.14TWh (40%) in 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. The remaining supply comes from mostly natural gas-based generation and electricity import from neighboring countries. Based on the most implemental scenario, the total installed capacity would be 25.05 GW in 2050. Large hydro will be the dominant source, followed by a tremendous solar photovoltaic and natural gas share. In the meantime, Cambodia would need 126.25 billion U.S. dollars (BUSD) until 2050 for such a development. Such an implementation would emit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the amount of just 118.85 million metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2e), and in this case, Cambodia could meet its 2030 INDC reduction target. However, to successfully achieve both renewable energy targets and emission reduction targets, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) will play an essential role in various actions. Such interventions could be seen from raising awareness to the public, establishing legal framework and policy measures, and looking for support from both local and international investors in renewable energy technology.지난 20년 동안 캄보디아의 에너지 수요 급증으로 인해 재래식 전기 발전소에 더해 추가 수입 전기와 함께 배치되었다. 국내 자원 중 석탄 발전소와 대형 수력 발전소가 우세하는 반면 녹색 에너지원은 상대적으로 낮다. 캄보디아의 지속적인 경제 성장과 발전을 위해 저렴한 비용으로 에너지 공급을 보장할 수 있도록 에너지 안보와 환경 배출 감소가 더 높은 우선순위가 되었다. 이러한 문제를 해결함에 있어, 재생 가능 에너지는 지속 가능한 개발과 전기 공급 안보를 위한 장기적인 미래에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 전력 수요 예측에 ARIMA (1,2,2) 모델을 적용한 다음 저배출 분석 플랫폼 (LEAP) 모델을 적용하여 캄보디아의 에너지 혼합에서 재생 가능 에너지 잠재력을 추정하고 분석한다. 국내 재생 가능 자원의 가용성, 재생 가능 에너지 공유 목표 및 배출 감소 목표를 기반으로 재생 가능 자원의 최적 혼합을 결정한다. 기본 시나리오를 제외한 6 개의 시나리오가 만들어진다. 두 가지 시나리오는 재생 가능 에너지 기술 잠재력의 가용성에 중점을 둔다. 다른 두 시나리오는 2050 년의 발전 혼합에서 재생 가능 에너지의 지정된 공유만을 고려하고, 마지막 두 시나리오는 재생 가능 잠재력의 가용성과 발전 혼합에서 재생 가능 에너지의 목표 공유를 결합한다. 용량 확장, 에너지 발전, 비용 및 배출과 같은 LEAP 모델의 결과는 캄보디아의 미래 전력 공급에 대한 변화의 영향을 조사하는 데에 사용된다. 그 결과, 캄보디아의 전력 수요는 2020년 12.12 TWh에서 2050년 87.74 TWh로 증가할 것으로 나타났다. 국내 전력 발전의 경우, 최대 순현재가치를 가진 재생 가능 에너지의 최적 활용에서 재생 가능 에너지 발전은 2030년 6.16 TWh (22.27%), 2040년 13.11 TWh (25%), 2050년 33.14 TWh (40%)에 이를 것으로 예상된다. 나머지 공급은 대부분 천연가스 기반 발전 및 주변 국가로부터의 수입에서 나온다. 가장 시행한 시나리오에 따르면 2050 년 총 설치 용량은 25.05 GW가 될 것이다. 대형 수력 발전소가 우세한 자원이 될 것이고, 그 뒤를 엄청난 태양광발전과 천연 가스가 차지할 것이다. 그러한 발전을 위해 캄보디아는 2050 년까지 1,260 억 달러가 필요하다. 위와 같은 시행은 CO2 등가물 (Mt CO2e)의 1억1885만 메트릭톤의 양으로 온실 가스 배출을 방출하 것이다. 이 경우, 캄보디아는 2030 INDC 배출 감소 목표를 달성 할 수 있다. 재생 가능 에너지 목표와 배출 감소 목표를 모두 성공적으로 달성하기 위해 다양한 조치에서 캄보디아 정부의 역할이 필수적이다. 그러한 개입은 대중의 인식을 높이고, 법적 프레임워크 및 정책 조치를 수립하며, 재생 가능 에너지 기술에 대한 국내외 투자자들의 지원을 구하는 것에서 볼 수 있다.Contents vi List of Tables ix List of Figures x Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Thesis Structure 4 Chapter 2. Research Background 6 2.1 Overview of Cambodias Energy Sector 6 2.1.1 Electricity Generation and Consumption in Cambodia 6 2.1.2 Renewable Energy Potential and Development 7 2.1.3 Cambodias Renewable Energy Target vs. ASEANs 12 2.2 Cambodias Energy Security 13 2.3 Cambodia's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution 15 Chapter 3. Literature Review 19 3.1 Renewable Energy and Energy Security 19 3.2 Energy Demand Forecasting 22 3.3 Energy Modeling Software 25 3.3.1 MARKAL 25 3.3.2 TIMES 25 3.3.3 MESSAGE 26 3.3.4 REMIX—OPTIMO 28 3.3.5 WEM 30 3.3.6 LEAP 30 3.4 Energy Security Indicator (ESI) 33 Chapter 4. Methodology 37 4.1 Flow Chart of Methodology 37 4.1.1 ARIMA Model 40 4.1.2 Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) Model 47 4.1.3 Energy Security Indicator (ESI) Selection 53 4.2 Data Inputs and Key Assumptions 56 4.3 Scenario Development 58 4.3.1 Full Renewable Potential (FRE) 61 4.3.2 Selected Renewable Potential (SRE) 61 4.3.3 Half Renewable Potential (HRE) 62 Chapter 5. Result Comparison and Energy Security Indicator (ESI) 63 5.1 Results 63 5.1.1 Full Renewable Potential (FRE) 63 5.1.2 Selected Renewable Potential (SRE) 71 5.1.3 Half Renewable Potential (HRE) 80 5.2 Comparison 84 5.2.1 Capacity Expansion 84 5.2.2 Electricity Generation 86 5.2.3 Cost of Production 88 5.2.4 Investment Cost 89 5.2.5 Emissions 90 5.3 Energy Security Indicator (ESI) Result 94 Chapter 6. Conclusion 104 6.1 Overall Conclusion 104 6.2 Policy Implication and Recommendation 112 6.3 Limitation and Future Work 115 Bibliography 117 Appendix 1: Mitigation Actions in Key Sectors in Cambodias INDC 2030 128 Appendix 2: Energy Models in Relevant Literatures 129 Appendix 3: Sources for Energy Security Indicator Selection and Formulation 131 Appendix 4: Total Energy Demand, Domestic Generation and Electricity Import 132 Appendix 5: Annual Capacity Expansion 133 Appendix 6: Annual Energy Generation 141 Appendix 7: Cumulative Cost of Production Composition (Billion U.S. Dollars) 149 Appendix 8: Cumulative Emissions by Fuel Type (Mt CO2e) 150 Abstract (Korean) 151Maste

Nutrient utilisation in growing Cambodian cattle

Natural forages are an important part of the diet of cattle in Cambodia, but their nutrient value, particularly in terms of macro-minerals, may be inadequate, leading to potential mineral deficiencies in grazing cattle. This thesis compared the nutrient composition of six forage types (rice bran, rice straw, para grass, cassava foliage, leucaena leaves, water hyacinth leaves) from two regions in Cambodia against faecal and urinary excretion of macro minerals by cattle. The analyses showed that Ca and P levels varied markedly between the different forages and that several of the commonly used forages in Cambodia have a mineral composition that does not cover the requirements of cattle. In an experimental study examining the effects of different levels of dietary supplementation with sun-dried cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta) total dry matter (DM) intake and nitrogen retention in cattle was found to increase with increasing intake of cassava foliage, but DM and fibre digestibility decreased. It was concluded that cassava foliage is a good Ca source which compensates for the low Ca content in rice straw and para grass, but P deficiency appears to be exaggerated in cattle with higher cassava intake. Two experiments to find an appropriate way of using sugar palm syrup when preserving para grass showed that applying at least 2% (fresh matter basis) sugar palm syrup to para grass at ensiling improved the fermentation quality of the resulting silage compared with a rice straw with rumen supplement diet. Rumen pH was slightly lower and feed conversion more efficient in cattle consuming silage. Para grass silage was a good source of digestible nitrogen

IMPACT OF BANK-SPECIFIC AND MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN COMMERCIAL BANKS – CASE STUDY IN THAILAND AND VIETNAM

Understanding the criteria affecting the profitability of commercial banks which are bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants is imperative for forming new strategies and capturing useful procedures to improve financial performance. The current study is to investigate the impact of bank characteristic and macroeconomic factors on financial performances and bank risks of commercial banks in Thailand and Vietnam. The empirical results reveal that non-performing loan ratio, bank capital ratio, total loan to total asset ratio, and GDP growth for medium banks have a significant impact on return on asset, return on equity, and LNZ-SCORE for the case of Thailand while bank capital ratio, total deposit to total asset ratio, GDP growth rate for small banks, and inflation show a significant relationship with return on asset, return on equity, and LNZ-SCORE for the case of Vietnam. Further studies should take other factors such as internal control, operation cost, and industrial factors into consideration for purpose of getting significant and accurate estimation results and also extend more related internal bank-specific variables

Cambodian American Views of Partnerships in Public Education

This study elicited the views of Cambodian American adults regarding public school partnerships. The central argument is that the paucity of extant literature and research on Southeast Asian American (SEAA) family-school partnerships in public education renders these individuals invisible. Given the fluid and dynamic lived experiences across and within the SEAA community, there is a critical need for empirical research that addresses issues particular to ethnic groups. Surveys and semi-structured interviews were utilized to collect data from Cambodian American respondents. Findings suggested the importance of culture and structure in building critical partnerships

An Empirical Exploration of Southeast Asian-Americans in Education Research: A Qualitative Meta-Analysis

This research examined how Southeast Asian-Americans are treated in leading K-12 and higher education research. A qualitative meta-analysis was conducted using secondary data sources. I analyzed 1,192 pages of text from 151 peer-reviewed academic articles in six K-12 and higher education journals. In a span of 10 years (2007-2016), only four of the 151 articles (2.6%) reviewed specifically addressed in whole or in part Southeast Asian-Americans – one of the most disadvantaged ethnic minority groups in America. Findings demonstrated that aggregating racial data for Asian-Americans silences under-represented Southeast Asian-Americans, suggesting that the continued fight for racial equality in educational research for Southeast Asian-Americans requires more attention at the most basic level

Cambodian Family-School Partnership: Toward an Evolving Theory

This article explores the current debate around family-school partnerships. Traditional family-school partnership theories do not account for the intended voices of Cambodian families. This article draws from existing research on Southeast Asian families more generally in order to develop a research-based, data-driven family-school partnership conceptual framework for Cambodian American families. It is believed that a pro-ethnic, voice-centric family-school partnership fosters an inclusive, supportive learning environment for Cambodian children. The logic undergirding that belief assumes that this partnership is likely to increase cultural awareness between critical home-school partners. At the very least, the proposed concept model serves as a theoretical building block upon which an empirical research study can be built. That study is encouraged to explore the implications of establishing a family-school partnership that reflects the sense and sensibilities of Cambodian families, particularly those stemming from lower income backgrounds. Implicit in the review is the premium placed on challenging Eurocentric, middle-class partnership paradigms to account for the authentic voices of ethnic minorities, and the utility of disaggregating data for Southeast Asians, given the array of cultural and linguistic differences spanning the Asian American community

Navigating K-12 Education Leadership Not Designed for Us: Perspectives from a Hmong Woman

This impact essay examines the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender as a first-generation Hmong-American woman in a senior-level K-12 educational leadership role. Dr. Yang Keo shares her story of resistance and resilience as she navigates different educational and workforce systems as the daughter of Hmong refugees

Cancer drugs: Highlighting the molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity

The treatment options for patients with cancer have increased rapidly in the last decade with the introduction of newer chemotherapy drugs, targeted agents and monoclonal antibodies. Most of these drugs are aimed at interrupting proliferative signalling, with consequent apoptosis of cancer cells. Because most of the new drugs are multi-targeted, there is a likelihood of so called “off target” effects, where other kinases which are not the primary targets of the drug, are also inhibited. This has led to unforeseen toxicities and, in this commentary, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicities as a result of cancer therapies. However, cardiotoxicity is not a new concern as the older generation chemotherapies, like anthracyclines, are known to commonly cause irreversible cardiomyopathy, mostly as a result of induced DNA damage and oxidative stress. Over the years, clinicians have adopted some methods of diminishing the incidence of this side-effect and therefore improving patient safety. Trying to decipher the complicated pathways underlying cardiotoxicity helps the scientifi c community to design new drugs that are tumoricidal, whilst sparing normal tissue and as such limiting unwanted side-effects. This has become ever so important, as oncologists cure more patients of cancer, and some previously incurable cancers are increasingly being converted into chronic illnesses. A relationship between the cardiologist and the oncologist has become mandatory to ensure close monitoring of such patients and offering appropriate management, should cardiotoxicities arise