86 research outputs found
Black-hole production from ultrarelativistic collisions
Determining the conditions under which a black hole can be produced is a
long-standing and fundamental problem in general relativity. We use numerical
simulations of colliding selfgravitating fluid objects to study the conditions
of black-hole formation when the objects are boosted to ultrarelativistic
speeds. Expanding on previous work, we show that the collision is characterized
by a type-I critical behaviour, with a black hole being produced for masses
above a critical value, M_c, and a partially bound object for masses below the
critical one. More importantly, we show for the first time that the critical
mass varies with the initial effective Lorentz factor following a
simple scaling of the type M_c ~ K ^{-1.0}, thus indicating that a
black hole of infinitesimal mass is produced in the limit of a diverging
Lorentz factor. Furthermore, because a scaling is present also in terms of the
initial stellar compactness, we provide a condition for black-hole formation in
the spirit of the hoop conjecture.Comment: Accepted as FTC on CQG; no discussion of LHC (seen as too speculative
but available in v1); expanded considerations on hoop conjectur
A Unified Model of the Prompt Optical Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts
The observational diversity of optical emission, which coincides with prompt
gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), has been discovered in the recent Swift era. We show
that on the assumption of the synchrotron radiation for the observed energy
range below the X-ray band, the observed diversity can be explained using the
internal shock model by taking into account a high-latitude emission and the
spectral change due to the synchrotron self-absorption. It may even be possible
in our model to include bright optical flashes found, e.g., in GRB~990123. The
prediction of our model is that the spectral index in the optical band is
dependent on whether the optical light curve correlates with those in the
X-rays and/or gamma-rays or not, which will be tested in the near future.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figur
Probing the Structure of Gamma-Ray Burst Jets with Steep Decay Phase of their Early X-ray Afterglows
We show that the jet structure of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be investigated
with the tail emission of the prompt GRB. The tail emission which we consider
is identified as a steep-decay component of the early X-ray afterglow observed
by the X-ray Telescope onboard Swift. Using a Monte Carlo method, we derive,
for the first time, the distribution of the decay index of the GRB tail
emission for various jet models. The new definitions of the zero of time and
the time interval of a fitting region are proposed. These definitions for
fitting the light curve lead us an unique definition of the decay index, which
is useful to investigate the structure of the GRB jet. We find that if the GRB
jet has a core-envelope structure, the predicted distribution of the decay
index of the tail has a wide scatter and has multiple peaks, which cannot be
seen for the case of the uniform and the Gaussian jet. Therefore, the decay
index distribution tells us the information on the jet structure. Especially,
if we observe events whose decay index is less than about 2, both the uniform
and the Gaussian jet models will be disfavored according to our simulation
study.Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures, the paper with full resolution images is
http://theo.phys.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~takami/research/achievements/papers/003_full.pd
Neutron-star Radius from a Population of Binary Neutron Star Mergers
We show how gravitational-wave observations with advanced detectors of tens
to several tens of neutron-star binaries can measure the neutron-star radius
with an accuracy of several to a few percent, for mass and spatial
distributions that are realistic, and with none of the sources located within
100 Mpc. We achieve such an accuracy by combining measurements of the total
mass from the inspiral phase with those of the compactness from the postmerger
oscillation frequencies. For estimating the measurement errors of these
frequencies we utilize analytical fits to postmerger numerical-relativity
waveforms in the time domain, obtained here for the first time, for four
nuclear-physics equations of state and a couple of values for the mass. We
further exploit quasi-universal relations to derive errors in compactness from
those frequencies. Measuring the average radius to well within 10% is possible
for a sample of 100 binaries distributed uniformly in volume between 100 and
300 Mpc, so long as the equation of state is not too soft or the binaries are
not too heavy.Comment: 9 pages and 7 figure
Host redshifts from gravitational-wave observations of binary neutron star mergers
Inspiralling compact binaries as standard sirens will soon become an
invaluable tool for cosmology when advanced interferometric gravitational-wave
detectors begin their observations in the coming years. However, a degeneracy
in the information carried by gravitational waves between the total rest-frame
mass and the redshift of the source implies that neither can be
directly extracted from the signal, but only the combination , the
redshifted mass. Recent work has shown that for binary neutron star systems, a
tidal correction to the gravitational-wave phase in the late-inspiral signal
that depends on the rest-frame source mass could be used to break the
mass-redshift degeneracy. We propose here to use the signature encoded in the
post-merger signal to deduce the redshift to the source. This will allow an
accurate extraction of the intrinsic rest-frame mass of the source, in turn
permitting the determination of source redshift and luminosity distance solely
from gravitational-wave observations. This will herald a new era in precision
cosmography and astrophysics. Using numerical simulations of binary neutron
star mergers of very slightly different mass, we model gravitational-wave
signals at different redshifts and use Bayesian parameter estimation to
determine the accuracy with which the redshift can be extracted for a source of
known mass. We find that the Einstein Telescope can determine the source
redshift to -- at redshifts of .Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures; same as the version before except for
acknowledgment
Computing Fast and Reliable Gravitational Waveforms of Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
Gravitational waves have been detected from the inspiral of a binary
neutron-star, GW170817, which allowed constraints to be placed on the neutron
star equation of state. The equation of state can be further constrained if
gravitational waves from a post-merger remnant are detected. Post-merger
waveforms are currently generated by numerical-relativity simulations, which
are computationally expensive. Here we introduce a hierarchical model trained
on numerical-relativity simulations, which can generate reliable post-merger
spectra in a fraction of a second. Our spectra have mean fitting factors of
0.95, which compares to fitting factors of 0.76 and 0.85 between different
numerical-relativity codes that simulate the same physical system. This method
is the first step towards generating large template banks of spectra for use in
post-merger detection and parameter estimation.Comment: Submitted to PRL. 6 pages, 4 figure
Tidal effects on magnetic gyration of a charged particle in Fermi coordinates
We examine the gyration motion of a charged particle, viewed from a reference
observer falling along the Z axis into a Schwarzschild black hole. It is
assumed that the magnetic field is constant and uniform along the Z axis, and
that the particle has a circular orbit in the X-Y plane far from the
gravitational source. When the particle as well as the reference observer
approaches the black hole, its orbit is disrupted by the tidal force. The final
plunging velocity increases in the non-relativistic case, but decreases if the
initial circular velocity exceeds a critical value, which is approximately
0.7c. This toy model suggests that disruption of a rapidly rotating star due to
a velocity-dependent tidal force may be quite different from that of a
non-relativistic star. The model also suggested that collapse of the orbit
after the disruption is slow in general, so that the particle subsequently
escapes outside the valid Fermi coordinates.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figure
The Impact of Nutritional Status and Body Mass Index on Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients Receiving Home-Based Medical Care
Background: Home-based medical care is expanding rapidly in Japan.Objectives: We aimed to identify the factors associated with outcomes of therapy in patients receiving home-visit rehabilitation.Methods: One hundred twenty-one patients receiving home-based rehabilitation were investigated. Nutritional status was assessed by the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF). The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was employed to assess the activities of daily living (ADL). The body mass index (BMI), medical history, and orthopedic disease-related pain were also recorded. The primary outcome was the improvement in FIM scores in one year.Results: A total of 19 (17%) patients were malnourished and 58 (48%) were at risk of malnutrition. Malnourished patients had a lower FIM score at initiation than those at risk of malnutrition or with normal nutritional status. Only changes in patients’ BMI and MNA-SF scores over one year were significantly associated with improved FIM scores (p = 0.0079 and p = 0.0049, respectively). No association was noted with the other factors.Conclusions: This is the first report to demonstrate that changes in MNA-SF scores and BMI are significantly associated with rehabilitation outcomes in home-based care. Nutritional management is essential along with rehabilitation to improve ADL in the long-term home care setting
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