A systematic, intensive statistical investigation of data from the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD) for compliance and illicit opioid abstinence in substance addiction treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone

BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine and naloxone (bup/nal), a combination partial mu receptor agonist and low-dose delta mu antagonist, is presently recommended and used to treat opioid-use disorder. However, a literature review revealed a paucity of research involving data from urine drug tests that looked at compliance and abstinence in one sample. METHOD: Statistical analysis of data from the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD) was used to assess compliance and abstinence during treatment in a large cohort of bup/nal patients attending chemical-dependency programs from eastern USA in 2010 and 2011. RESULTS: Part 1: Bup/nal was present in 93.4% of first (n = 1,282; p \u3c.0001) and 92.4% of last (n = 1,268; p \u3c.0001) urine samples. Concomitantly, unreported illicit drugs were present in 47.7% (n = 655, p =.0261) of samples. Patients who were compliant to the bup/nal prescription were more likely than noncompliant patients to be abstinent during treatment (p =.0012; odds ratio = 1.69 with 95% confidence interval (1.210, 2.354). Part 2: An analysis of all samples collected in 2011 revealed a significant improvement in both compliance (p \u3c 2.2 × 1

Anent the genomics of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

An appreciable fraction of the Drosophila melanogaster genome is dedicated to male fertility. One approach to characterizing this subset of the genome is through the study of male-sterile mutations. We studied the relation between vital and male-fertility genes in three large autosomal regions that were saturated for lethal and male-sterile mutations. The majority of male-sterile mutations affect genes that are exclusively expressed in males. These genes are required only for male fertility, and several mutant alleles of each such gene were encountered. A few male-sterile mutations were alleles of vital genes that are expressed in both males and females. About one-fifth of the genes in Drosophila melanogaster show male-specific expression in adults. Although some earlier studies found a paucity of genes on the X chromosome showing male-biased expression, we did not find any significant differences between the X chromosome and the autosomes either in the relative frequencies of mutations to male sterility or in the frequencies of genes with male-specific expression in adults. Our results suggest that as much as 25% of the Drosophila genome may be dedicated to male fertility

Cytogenetic map showing the deficiencies and genes in polytene chromosome region 76B-D.

<p>The cytological locations are only given for deletions or genes mapped on polytene chromosomes (which do not always correspond to the cytological locations given for the molecular map by the Drosophila Genome Project). Deficiency breakpoints localized on the molecular map are indicated in red and the non-localized breakpoints are indicated in black. Genes are in purple if the transcription unit has been identified, and in green if the transcription unit is not currently known.</p

DNA and essential genes in three autosomal regions.

a<p>totals include the genes identified in this work.</p>b<p>regions were defined by the deficiencies <i>Df(2L)b84a7</i>, <i>Df(2L)b88c75</i>, <i>Df(2L)A48</i>, and <i>Df(2L)r10</i> for Adh, <i>Df(3L)th102</i> for 72A-D, and <i>Df(3L)kto2</i> for 76B-D.</p>c<p>includes genes essential only for fertility (male fertility or both male and female fertility). This does not include genes essential for both viability and fertility.</p

Cytogenetic map showing the deficiencies and genes in polytene chromosome region 34C-36A.

<p>The cytological locations are only given for deletions or genes mapped on polytene chromosomes (which do not always correspond to the cytological locations given for the molecular map by the Drosophila Genome Project). Deficiency breakpoints localized on the molecular map are indicated in red and the non-localized breakpoints are indicated in black. Genes are in purple if the transcription unit has been identified, and in green if the transcription unit is not currently known.</p

Male-sterile alleles of vital genes from the Zuker collection.

a<p>Allele <i>Z1062</i> complements <i>Z1812</i>, but both fail to complement <i>Z1089</i>.</p>b<p><i>Cul-3</i> appears to have a male-specific promoter.</p>c<p>The “classic” male sterile phenotype <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055915#pone.0055915-Wakimoto1" target="_blank">[9]</a> is a failure during spermatid differentiation, usually with extensive spermatid elongation, little or no sperm individualization and coiling, and the base of the testis filled with debris.</p>d<p>Alleles <i>Z1128</i> and <i>Z6059</i> fail to complement each other, but complement <i>Z3146</i>.</p

Cytogenetic map showing the deficiencies and genes in polytene chromosome region 72A-D.

<p>The cytological locations are only given for deletions or genes mapped on polytene chromosomes (which do not always correspond to the cytological locations given for the molecular map by the Drosophila Genome Project). Deficiency breakpoints localized on the molecular map are indicated in red and the non-localized breakpoints are indicated in black. Genes are in purple if the transcription unit has been identified, and in green if the transcription unit is not currently known.</p

Fertility genes identified by male-sterile mutations from the Zuker collection.

a<p>The “classic” male sterile phenotype <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055915#pone.0055915-Wakimoto1" target="_blank">[9]</a> is a failure during spermatid differentiation, usually with extensive spermatid elongation, little or no sperm individualization and coiling, and the base of the testis filled with debris.</p

Relative frequencies of lethal and sterile mutations after EMS mutagenesis.

<p>For most experiments, the numbers of chromosomes that carry lethal or sterile mutations/the total number of chromosomes tested were reported. For two of the <i>X</i> chromosome samples, the percentage of the chromosomes carrying lethal mutations was estimated from the sex ratio. <i>m_l</i>, <i>m_ms</i>, and <i>m_fs</i> are the mean numbers of lethal, male sterile, and female sterile mutations per chromosome, respectively.</p