Vinpocetine inhibits overt pain-like behavior.

<p>Panel A: mice were treated with vinpocetine (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (saline) 1 h before acetic acid i.p. injection (0.6% v/v, diluted in saline). Panels B-C: mice were treated with vinpocetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (saline) 1 h before i.p. injection of phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ, 1890 μg/kg in DMSO 2%, v/v, diluted in saline, panel B), or i.pl. injection of formalin (25 μL of 1.5% formalin, v/v in saline, panel C). The cumulative number of writhing was evaluated over 20 min (Panels A-B) and total number of paw flinches (Panel C) were evaluated over 30 min. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with the saline group; #<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle group; and ^<i>f</i><i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle group and the 1 mg/kg vinpocetine dose. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.</p

Vinpocetine inhibits carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.

<p>Mice were treated with vinpocetine (3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (saline) 1 h before carrageenan (100 μg, 25 μL) i.pl. injection. Mechanical (Panel A) and thermal (Panel B) hyperalgesia were assessed at indicated time points after carrageenan administration using the electronic von Frey and hot plate tests, respectively. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined in samples collected 9 h after carrageenan injection. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to saline group; ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with vehicle group; ^<i>f</i><i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with the dose of 3 mg/kg of vinpocetine; and ^<i>ff</i><i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg of vinpocetine. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.</p

Vinpocetine inhibits carrageenan-induced depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and decreased nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (NBT) activity.

<p>Mice were treated with vinpocetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle 1 h before carrageenan i.pl. injection. Paw skin (Panels A and B) and spinal cord (Panels C and D) samples were collected 3 h after stimulus injection for the determination of GSH levels and NBT reduction. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with saline group; and ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with vehicle group. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.</p

Vinpocetine inhibits carrageenan-induced decrease in antioxidant capacity.

<p>Mice were treated with vinpocetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle 1 h before carrageenan (100μg, 25 μL) i.pl. injection. Paw skin (Panels A and B) and spinal cord (Panels D and E) samples were collected 3 h after carrageenan injection for measurement of ABTS (Panels A and C) and FRAP (Panels B and D) assays. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with saline group; and ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with vehicle group. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.</p

Vinpocetine inhibits carrageenan-induced NF-κB activation.

<p>Mice were treated with vinpocetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle 1 h before carrageenan i.pl. injection. Paw skin (Panel A) and spinal cord (Panel B) samples were collected 3 h after stimulus injection in lysis buffer, and the NF-κB activation was measured by ELISA, as a ratio of total NF-κB/phosphorylated NF-κB. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with saline group; and ^#<i>P</i>< 0.05 compared with vehicle group. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.</p

Vinpocetine inhibits carrageenan-induced IL-1β and TNF-α production.

<p>Mice were treated with vinpocetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle 1 h before carrageenan i.pl. injection. Paw skin (Panels A and B) and spinal cord (Panels C and D) samples were collected for the determination of IL-1β (Panels A and C) and TNF-α (Panels B and D) production by ELISA, respectively. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with saline group; and ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with vehicle group. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.</p