Stepwise multiple regression analysis for factors associated MT.

Stepwise multiple regression analysis for factors associated MT.</p

Scatterplots showing the relationship between MT and plasma aldosterone concentration.

Scatterplots showing the relationship between MT and plasma aldosterone concentration.</p

Adjusted MT in eyes with normal subject and primary aldosteronism.

Adjusted MT in eyes with normal subject and primary aldosteronism.</p

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PurposeOptic nerve head (ONH) blood flow decrease without changes in intraocular pressure in a possible rat model of retinal ganglion cell loss by systemic administration of aldosterone. To compare the blood flow in the ONH, using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), in healthy eyes and in eyes with primary aldosteronism (PA).MethodsThe ONH tissue area mean blur rate (MT) was evaluated in this single center, retrospective, cross-sectional study using LSFG. In order to compare the MT between PA patients and normal subjects, mixed-effects models were used, with adjustments made for the mean arterial pressure, disc area, and β-peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA) area. Mixed-effects models were also used to analyze the risk factors affecting the MT.ResultsThis study evaluated a total of 29 eyes of 17 PA patients and 61 eyes of 61 normal subjects. There was a significantly lower MT in PA patients (10.8 ± 0.4) as compared to the normal subjects (12.3 ± 0.3) (P = 0.004). The MT was significantly lower in PA patients (10.8 ± 0.6) even after adjusting for the potential confounding factors when compared to normal subjects (12.3 ± 0.3) (P = 0.046). Multivariate mixed-effects model analysis demonstrated that the MT was significantly associated with the PA and β-PPA.ConclusionsThere was a significantly lower ONH blood flow in PA patients as compared to normal subjects.</div

Clinical characteristics of normal subjects and primary aldosteronism patients.

Clinical characteristics of normal subjects and primary aldosteronism patients.</p

Characteristics of the JA-2 generations by <i>kibei</i> status.

<p>BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; 2-h, two-hour post-load; HOMA-IR,</p><p>homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.</p><p>Values are expressed as numbers, means ± SD, medians (25th–75th percentile levels), or percentages.</p><p>The parameters were analyzed after adjusting for age and sex.</p><p>^a<i>P</i> < 0.05 between <i>kibei</i> and non-<i>kibei</i>.</p><p>Characteristics of the JA-2 generations by <i>kibei</i> status.</p

Characteristics of study subjects.

<p>JA-1, first-generation Japanese-Americans; JA-2, second- or later-generation Japanese-Americans; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; 2-h, two-hour post-load; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.</p><p>Values are expressed as numbers, means ± SD, medians (25th–75th percentile levels), or percentages.</p><p>The parameters were analyzed after adjusting for age and sex.</p><p>^a<i>P</i> < 0.05 between Japanese and JA-1.</p><p>^b<i>P</i> < 0.05 between Japanese and JA-2.</p><p>^c<i>P</i> < 0.05 between JA-1 and JA-2.</p><p>Characteristics of study subjects.</p

Activation of Classical Brown Adipocytes in the Adult Human Perirenal Depot Is Highly Correlated with PRDM16–EHMT1 Complex Expression

<div><p>Brown fat generates heat to protect against cold and obesity. Adrenergic stimulation activates the thermogenic program of brown adipocytes. Although the bioactivity of brown adipose tissue in adult humans had been assumed to very low, several studies using positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) have detected bioactive brown adipose tissue in adult humans under cold exposure. In this study, we collected adipose tissues obtained from the perirenal regions of adult patients with pheochromocytoma (PHEO) or non-functioning adrenal tumors (NF). We demonstrated that perirenal brown adipocytes were activated in adult patients with PHEO. These cells had the molecular characteristics of classical brown fat rather than those of beige/brite fat. Expression of brown adipose tissue markers such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (CIDEA) was highly correlated with the amounts of PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous domain-containing protein-16 (PRDM16) – euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) complex, the key transcriptional switch for brown fat development. These results provide novel insights into the reconstruction of human brown adipocytes and their therapeutic application against obesity and its complications such as type 2 diabetes.</p></div

Brown adipose tissues are activated in the perirenal regions of PHEO patients.

<p>Comparisons of (A–G) BAT-associated mRNA (A, <i>UCP1</i>; B, <i>PPARGC1A</i>; C, <i>CIDEA</i>; D, <i>ELOVL3</i>) and protein (F, UCP1; G, CIDEA) between NF and PHEO in adipose tissues from the perirenal regions. (E) Protein quantification was performed using western blot analysis. (H) H&E staining (top) and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against UCP1 (middle) and CIDEA (bottom). Scale bar, 50 μm. *<i>P</i> < 0.05; **<i>P</i> < 0.01; NS, not significant.</p

The expression levels of BAT-associated genes are not affected by clinical characteristics.

<p>(A) The correlation matrix between BAT-associated gene expression (top to bottom: UCP1, CIDEA, PPARGC1A, or ELOVL3) and subject characteristics (left to right: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and total preoperative urinary catecholamine levels) in patients with NF (cross) or PHEO (circle). (B) Correlation analysis between individual urinary catecholamines and <i>UCP1</i> mRNA. *Values were normalized by logarithmic transformation before each correlation analysis.</p