Policy-Induced Environmental Technology Transfer

We investigate how environmental and trade policies affect the transfer of environmental technology in a two-country model with global pollution. By comparing free trade and tariff policy without commitment, the following results are obtained. First, the existence of an environmental policy in a local country induces technology transfer from a foreign country. Second, there is a possibility that free trade is preferable to a tariff policy for both countries even though free trade lowers the environmental tax rate. Third, the quantity of the local firmfs product decreases for higher environmental damage. On the other hand, import of environmentally efficient goods from the foreign country increases.Environmental technology transfer; Free trade; Tariff protection

Environmental Technology Transfer via Free Trade

This paper considers a model of international duopoly with global pollution to investigate the impact of tariff policy and licensing contracts on environmental technology transfer. Our main finding is that free trade is not always preferable. When the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) is within a certain range, there is a possibility that the total world welfare is higher under a positive tariff rate than under a zero tariff rate. This implies that the protection of IPR being beyond the range is a prerequisite for the justification of free trade.Environmental technology transfer, Free trade, Tariff protection, Licensing

Environmental Technology Transfer via Free Trade

This paper considers a model of international duopoly with global pollution to investigate the impact of tariff policy and licensing contracts on environmental technology transfer. Our main finding is that free trade is not always preferable.When the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) is within a certain range, there is a possibility that the total world welfare is higher under a positive tariff rate than under a zero tariff rate. This implies that the protection of IPR beyond the range is a prerequisite for the justification of free trade.We also show how developing countries are induced to sign a licensing contract.Even if the licensing does not directly improve the competitiveness of the firm in the developing country, raising the tariff rate can increase the revenue of the country. In contrast, when there is no licensing agreement, the local government sets a lower tariff rate and diffuses the products of foreign firms,because the products of local firms are associated with pollution.Environmental technology transfer; Free trade; Tariff protection, Licensing

Instability of a gapless color superconductor with respect to inhomogeneous fluctuations

We systematically apply density functional theory to determine the kind of inhomogeneities that spontaneously develop in a homogeneous gapless phase of neutral two-flavor superfluid quark matter. We consider inhomogeneities in the quark and electron densities and in the phases and amplitude of the order parameter. These inhomogeneities are expected to lead the gapless phase to a BCS-normal coexisting phase, a Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrell (LOFF) state with phase oscillations alone, and a LOFF state with amplitude oscillations. We find that which of them the homogeneous system tends towards depends sensitively on the chemical potential separation between up and down quarks and the gradient energies.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures; corrected Eq. (36) and changed content associated with d quark clustering instabilit

Theoretical study on the ionization of aniline in aqueous solutions

The ionization and excitation processes of aniline in aqueous solutions are investigated by the method of RISM-SCF-SEDD (reference interaction site model self-consistent field with the spatial electron density distribution). Four different models are employed to characterize the response of the solvation upon the ionization and excitation. A simple treatment for estimation of the spectral width is also proposed

溶液内化学過程についての系統的理解

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(工学)甲第16875号工博第3596号新制||工||1543(附属図書館)29550京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻(主査)教授 佐藤 啓文, 教授 田中 一義, 教授 梶 弘典学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)Kyoto UniversityDFA

Trace element concentrations in iron type cosmic spherules determined by the SR-XRF method

The X-ray fluorescence method using synchrotron radiation (SR-XRF) was applied to determine trace element abundances in iron type (I-type) cosmic spherules collected at deep-sea sediments. Cr, Co, and Ni were detected from almost all spherules and average concentrations are 1336,2991ppm, and 4.0%, respectively. Ga, Ge, and Mn were detected from 20,30,and 20% of spherules and average concentrations are 4,4 and 486ppm, respectively. Spherules containing metallic cores were enriched in Ni and Co and depleted in volatile elements such as Ga and Ge relative to those without cores. The Ni and Co enrichments resulted from high concentrations of the elements in the metallic cores, while the Ga and Ge depletion might indicate that core-bearing spherules have experienced more severe heating during atmospheric entry than the core-lacking ones. On the basis of Mn concentration we divided spherules into two groups : high and low Mn groups. Trace element abundances of the low Mn group are systematically fractionated relative to those of iron meteorites : volatile elements are depleted and refractory ones are enriched in the spherules. This appears to be consistent with the hypothesis that I-type spherules are ablation products of iron meteorites that have lost volatile elements during melting. Production of the low Mn spherules by ablation of chondritic meteorites is also possible, but chondrite melting should have occurred under a limited range of oxygen fugacity in order to enrich Cr and remove Mn in the spherules. Spherules belonging to high Mn group show a complex trace element pattern when normalized to chondrites. A large Mn excess relative to Cr in this type of spherules can not be explained by any formation process, thus it is difficult to infer the precursor material of the Mn-rich spherules

Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage Machine Translation System

Knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) techniques yield high quality in domains with detailed semantic models, limited vocabulary, and controlled input grammar. Scaling up along these dimensions means acquiring large knowledge resources. It also means behaving reasonably when definitive knowledge is not yet available. This paper describes how we can fill various KBMT knowledge gaps, often using robust statistical techniques. We describe quantitative and qualitative results from JAPANGLOSS, a broad-coverage Japanese-English MT system.Comment: 7 pages, Compressed and uuencoded postscript. To appear: IJCAI-9