Single Molecular Bridging of Au Nanogap Using Aryl Halide Molecules

Single molecular junctions of benzene dihalide molecules (<i>para</i>-X–(C₆H₄)–X, X = Cl, Br, I) binding to Au electrodes were systematically studied by using the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-BJ) technique. The STM-BJ characterization revealed that the single molecular junction was formed only with 1,4-diiodobenzene, which was due to its ability to form particularly stable halogen bonds with Au electrodes for the iodide anchoring group. The conductance and strength of the metal–molecule bond of the single 1,4-diiodobenzene molecular junction were compared with that of 1,4-benzenediamine (<i>para-</i>H₂N–(C₆H₄)–NH₂). The conductance of a single 1,4-diiodobenzene molecular junction was 3.6 × 10^–4 <i>G</i>₀ (<i>G</i>₀ = 2e²/h), which was smaller than 1 × 10^–2 <i>G</i>₀ measured for 1,4-benzenediamine. The distances to break single molecular junctions were 0.05 and 0.03 nm for single 1,4-diiodobenzene and 1,4-benzenediamine molecular junctions, respectively. The longer breakdown distance of the single 1,4-diiodobenzene molecular junctions indicated that the Au–I bond was stronger than that of the Au–NH₂ bond. The present work demonstrates that an iodide group can be utilized as an anchoring group for the single molecular junction

Active Palladium Colloids via Palladacycle Degradation as Efficient Catalysts for Oxidative Homocoupling and Cross-Coupling of Aryl Boronic Acids

Active palladium colloids formed upon degradation of a palladacyclic complex (Herrmann–Beller <b>1</b>) have been isolated for the first time and thoroughly characterized with techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The synthesized palladium colloids have been utilized as efficient catalysts for the oxidative homocoupling of aryl boronic acids. Cross-coupling of two different aryl boronic acids has also been made possible using these active palladium colloids. This is the first report of this kind of coupling between aryl boronic acids

High-Yielding One-Pot Synthesis of Glucose from Cellulose Using Simple Activated Carbons and Trace Hydrochloric Acid

High-yielding one-pot synthesis of glucose from cellulose and pentoses/hexoses from real biomass is achieved by using simple activated carbons and 0.012% HCl in water. Ball-milling cellulose and the carbon together created good physical contact between the solid substrate and solid catalyst before the reaction, selectively and drastically improving the depolymerization rate of cellulose to oligomers. Thus, our methodology overcomes a major obstacle in this type of reaction, namely, that the collision between a solid catalyst and a solid substrate is limited. Mechanistic studies have suggested that the active sites of the carbons are weakly acidic functional groups, in which vicinal carboxylic and phenolic groups synergistically work for the hydrolysis reaction

Percentages of post larvae on pepsin and trypsin treated FD HCl-ex of <i>C. gigas</i> SC.

<p>Shaded and open boxes represent pepsin and trypsin treated experiments, respectively. Data are means of 9 replicates and error bars represent standard deviations (SD). Lines connected groups that were compared using Wald test. Asterisks * indicate significantly different groups (p<0.05).</p

SDS-PAGE gel image of <i>C. gigas</i> FD HCl-ex, F1 (fraction 1) and F2 (fraction 2) stained with Stains-all.

<p>SDS-PAGE was performed on 10% polyacrylamide gels; 10 µg protein content was loaded in each lane. M indicates the molecular weight markers. Molecular weights were estimated using the molecular weight marker “Broad Range” (BIORAD).</p

ANOVA result of the effect of species and amount of SC on <i>C. gigas</i> larval settlement.

<p> Statistics of the quasi-binomial GLM applied to the output for dependent variable larval settlement. Species refers to the 11 species of SC tested; amount refers to the weight of SC.</p

Percentages of post larvae that settled on SC of the different species of mollusks.

<p>Closed squares are means of 6 to 30 replicates and error bars represent standard deviation (SD). Letters indicate results of the post hoc Tukey HSD test of activities within species at 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg. Values connected by the same letter are not significantly different (p≥0.05).</p

Percentages of post larvae on PNGase F and TFMS treated FD HCl-ex of <i>C. gigas</i> SC.

<p>Boxes with slanting lines indicate post larvae (%) settled on FD HCl-ex 100 mg SC eq subjected to the same treatment procedure but without trypsin. Data are means of 9 replicates and error bars represent standard deviations (SD). Lines connected groups that were compared using Wald test. Asterisks * indicate significantly different groups (p<0.05).</p

Taxonomy of the 11 species of mollusks used as specimens.

<p>Taxonomy of the 11 species of mollusks used as specimens.</p

Percentages of post larvae on <i>C. gigas</i> SC that were heated at different temperatures (A), and treated with antibiotic solutions (B).

<p>A: Boxes with slanting lines and shading indicate results of heat treatment experiments of 50 mg SC and 500 mg SC, respectively. x indicates no data. B: blank boxes indicate the antibiotic treatment experiment of 50 mg SC. 1AB = streptomycin sulphate 20 mg L⁻¹, penicillin G 10 mg L⁻¹, neomycin 2 mg L⁻¹, and kanamycin 10 mg L⁻¹, and 10AB = 1AB concentration increased tenfold. Data are means of 6 to 9 replicates and error bars represent standard deviations (SD). Lowercase and uppercase letters indicate results of the post hoc Tukey HSD test on heat and antibiotic treatments, respectively. Groups connected by the same letter are not significantly different (p≥0.05).</p