看護系大学の編入学制度等に関する調査結果の報告

看護系大学編入学制度の現状と課題をあきらかにすることを目的に,国公立看護系大学84校を対象にアンケート調査を行った.有効回答58校(69.0%),3年次編入学を実施している大学は52校(89.7%),編入定数の平均は10.4(SD=5.7)人であり,定員数10名が39校(67.2%)と一番多かった.編入学生における3年制看護系短期大学卒業者の割合は,2003年61.3%から2007年34.1%と年々低下しており,志願者の平均倍率は2003年5.6倍,2007年4.6倍と減少傾向にあった.編入学制度の検討・見直しを行っている大学は24校(41.1%)で,開設当初から未実施3校に加え,見直し後3校の廃止が明らかになった.約6割の大学は修士課程,約3割は博士課程を設置,約4割は設置予定或いは検討中,CNSについても約6割が設置もしくは検討中であり,看護教育の高度化・専門化の方向が示唆された.今後,(1)編入学生の学習ニーズへの対応:大学教育と資格取得(保健師,助産師)の要素を充たすべく教育内容を整えているが限界がある,(2)編入学生の履修科目が複数年次にまたがり,時期的に過密で煩雑な履修状況になることを考慮した時間割編成が求められ,大学全体の教育運営に影響を及ぼしていることなどが課題と考えられた

Construction of low-wettable free-standing layer-by-layer multilayer for fibrinogen adsorption

International audienc

Cephalopods Inspired Rapid Self-Healing Nanoclay Composite Coatings with Oxygen Barrier and Super-Bubble-Phobic Properties

Polymeric coatings with oxygen barrier properties are an important technology in food packaging that can extend the shelf life of food products and reduce waste. Although a typical technology in practical use is the deposition of metal or inorganic materials between multilayer films to reduce the oxygen transmission rate, once the film is damaged, oxygen permeates through the damaged area, damaging the packaged food. In addition, nanobrick wall structures consisting of nanoplatelet bricks have the potential to replace barrier films made of inorganic materials, however, they similarly lack repair performance or have slow repair speed despite having repair performance. Inspired by the rapid self-repair mechanism of cephalopods, the study develops a nanoclay-containing coating that can rapidly repair surface damage via water. By introducing CaCl2-derived counterions and montmorillonite for nanobrick wall structures into polyelectrolyte multilayers stacked by layer-by-layer self-assembly, the non-covalent polymer network is increased, resulting in mimicking a strong cephalopod-derived β-sheet structure and non-covalent intermolecular interactions derived from cephalopods. Regardless of the amount of montmorillonite added, the self-healing process was completed within 10 sec. The high-water retention at the surface showed super-bubble-phobicity in water and inhibited gas permeation. The oxygen permeability of the coatings with more than a certain amount of montmorillonite was less than 1/100 of that of bare polyethylene. The ultra-fast self-healing gas barrier coating has the potential to be used not only for food products but also for electronics and pharmaceutical packaging and gas separation applications. The key technology developed in this study provides novel insights into the construction of self-healing membranes made of composite materials and will contribute to the formation of a sustainable society

Porous Surface Structure Fabricated by Breath Figures that Suppresses <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Biofilm Formation

As colonizers of medical-device surfaces, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains present a serious source of infection and are of major concern. In this study, we fabricated films with porous surfaces by breath figures that disturb mergence by bacterial attachment, thereby impeding biofilm development. Previous studies have shown that microtopography prevents the development of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Accordingly we indented surfaces with patterns of micrometer-sized pores using breath figures at ordinary temperatures and pressures. The antimicrobial effect of surface figures was experimentally investigated by controlling the surface structure. The results suggested that pores of 5–11 μm in diameter effectively inhibit bacterial activity. It appears that biofilm development is precluded by the decreased contact area between the films and bacteria

Biocompatible Slippery Fluid-Infused Films Composed of Chitosan and Alginate via Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly and Their Antithrombogenicity

Antifouling super-repellent surfaces inspired by Nepenthes, the pitcher plant, were designed and named slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS). These surfaces repel various simple and complex liquids including water and blood by maintaining a low sliding angle. Previous studies have reported the development of fluorinated SLIPS that are not biocompatible. Here, we fabricated fluid-infused films composed of biodegradable materials and a biocompatible lubricant liquid. The film was constructed using a combination of electrostatic interactions between chitosan and alginate and hydrogen-bonding between alginate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPON) via the layer-by-layer self-assembly method. After chitosan and alginate were cross-linked, the PVPON was removed by increasing the pH to generate porosity from the deconstruction of the hydrogen-bonding. The porous underlayer was hydrophobized and covered by biocompatible almond oil. Blood easily flowed over this biodegradable and biocompatible SLIPS without leaving stains on the surface, and the material is environmentally durable, has a high transmittance of about 90%, and is antithrombogenic. The results of this study suggest that this SLIPS may facilitate the creation of nonfouling medical devices through a low-cost, eco-friendly, and simple process

Optically Transparent Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Enhanced Mechanical Abrasion Resistance Enabled by Mesh Structure

Inspired by naturally occurring superhydrophobic surfaces such as “lotus leaves”, a number of approaches have been attempted to create specific surfaces having nano/microscale rough structures and a low surface free energy. Most importantly, much attention has been paid in recent years to the improvement of the durability of highly transparent superhydrophobic surfaces. In this report, superhydrophobic surfaces are fabricated using three steps. First, chemical and morphological changes are generated in the polyester mesh by alkaline treatment of NaOH. Second, alkaline treatment causes hydrophobic molecules of 1<i>H</i>,1<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane to react with the hydroxyl groups on the fiber surfaces forming covalent bonds by using the chemical vapor deposition method. Third, hydrophobicity is enhanced by treating the mesh with SiO₂ nanoparticles modified with 1<i>H</i>,1<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane using a spray method. The transmittance of the fabricated superhydrophobic mesh is approximately 80% in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm. The water contact angle and the water sliding angle remain greater than 150° and lower than 25°, respectively, and the transmittance remains approximately 79% after 100 cycles of abrasion under approximately 10 kPa of pressure. The mesh surface exhibits a good resistance to acidic and basic solutions over a wide range of pH values (pH 2–14), and the surface can also be used as an oil/water separation material because of its mesh structure

Glucose- and H2O2-dual responsives drug delivery particle based on the boronic acid chemistry

International audienc

Optically Transparent Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Enhanced Mechanical Abrasion Resistance Enabled by Mesh Structure

Inspired by naturally occurring superhydrophobic surfaces such as “lotus leaves”, a number of approaches have been attempted to create specific surfaces having nano/microscale rough structures and a low surface free energy. Most importantly, much attention has been paid in recent years to the improvement of the durability of highly transparent superhydrophobic surfaces. In this report, superhydrophobic surfaces are fabricated using three steps. First, chemical and morphological changes are generated in the polyester mesh by alkaline treatment of NaOH. Second, alkaline treatment causes hydrophobic molecules of 1<i>H</i>,1<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane to react with the hydroxyl groups on the fiber surfaces forming covalent bonds by using the chemical vapor deposition method. Third, hydrophobicity is enhanced by treating the mesh with SiO₂ nanoparticles modified with 1<i>H</i>,1<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>,2<i>H</i>-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane using a spray method. The transmittance of the fabricated superhydrophobic mesh is approximately 80% in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm. The water contact angle and the water sliding angle remain greater than 150° and lower than 25°, respectively, and the transmittance remains approximately 79% after 100 cycles of abrasion under approximately 10 kPa of pressure. The mesh surface exhibits a good resistance to acidic and basic solutions over a wide range of pH values (pH 2–14), and the surface can also be used as an oil/water separation material because of its mesh structure

Asymmetric Superhydrophobic/Superhydrophilic Cotton Fabrics Designed by Spraying Polymer and Nanoparticles

Inspired by the special wettability of certain natural life forms, such as the high water repellency of lotus leaves, many researchers have attempted to impart superhydrophobic properties to fabrics in academic and industrial contexts. Recently, a new switching system of wettability has inspired a strong demand for advanced coatings, even though their fabrication remains complex and costly. Here, cotton fabrics with asymmetric wettability (one face with natural superhydrophilicity and one face with superhydrophobicity) were fabricated by one-step spraying of a mixture of biocompatible commercial materials, hydrophobic SiO₂ nanoparticles and ethyl-α-cyanoacrylate superglue. Our approach involves controlling the permeation of the fabric coatings by changing the distance between the fabric and the sprayer, to make one side superhydrophobic and the other side naturally superhydrophilic. As a result, the superhydrophobic side, with its high mechanical durability, exhibited a water contact angle of 154° and sliding angle of 16°, which meets the requirement for self-cleaning ability of surfaces. The opposite side exhibited high water absorption ability owing to the natural superhydrophilic property of the fabric. In addition, the designed cotton fabrics had blood absorption and clotting abilities on the superhydrophilic side, while the superhydrophobic side prevented water and blood permeation without losing the natural breathability of the cotton. These functions may be useful in the design of multifunctional fabrics for medical applications