Comparison of clinical characteristics between the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and non-PPI groups.

<p>The proton pump inhibitor (PPI) group had significantly lower levels of serum (magnesium) Mg (A) than those of the non-PPI group. Median values of ΔACIs in the patients on PPIs, histamine-2 receptor (H2) antagonist, and non-acid reducer were 5.0% (2.5–9.8), 5.0% (1.7–8.3), and 3.3% (0.4–5.0), respectively. There was no significant deference in ΔACI between patients on PPIs and those on H2-receptor antagonist (B).</p

Clinical characteristics of the study patients.

<p>Clinical characteristics of the study patients.</p

Clinical characteristics of the high and low ΔACI groups.

<p>Clinical characteristics of the high and low ΔACI groups.</p

Patient selection and classification.

<p>We treated 245 hemodialysis (HD) patients who underwent 3–4 h of HD sessions thrice a week. Among these patients, 45 patients were excluded from the analyses. Ultimately, 200 patients on HD were included and divided into the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and non-PPI groups.</p

Comparison of clinical characteristics between the high and low ΔACI groups.

<p>The high ΔACI group (≥ 5.8%) had a significantly higher number of PPI (A) than in the low ΔACI group (< 5.8%). Annual mean serum magnesium (Mg) level (B) was significantly lower in the high ΔACI than in the low ΔACI group. Hemodialysis (HD) vintage (C) was significantly shorter in the high ΔACI than in the low ΔACI group.</p

Independent risk factors for high ΔACI using the backward elimination logistic regression analysis.

<p>Annual mean calcium phosphorus product (Ca × P) >55, abdominal aortic calcification index in 2016 (ACI-2016) >42%, hemodialysis (HD) vintage <60 months, baseline serum magnesium (Mg) <2.2 mg/dL, and Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were independent factors associated with high ΔACI. The propensity score was adopted to include patient backgrounds (age, sex, DMN, current smoking, history of CVD, antiplatelet agents, and systolic blood pressure) and baseline values of laboratory data (serum albumin, CRP, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) as a single variable for multivariate analysis. We also included annual mean Kt/V >1.44, Histamine -2 (H2)-receptor antagonist, warfarin, annual mean intact PTH (i-PTH), and the propensity score into regression models.</p