Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in European species of wild growing forest landscape fungi : a review

Kadmij (Cd), živo srebro (Hg), svinec (Pb) in arzen (As) so kovine, ki se naravno ali kot posledica človekove dejavnosti pojavljajo v okolju, tudi v gozdni krajini, kjer so rastišča številnih evropskih vrst gliv. Namen članka je bil pripraviti pregled vrst in količin izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv terprimerjati lastne raziskave, opravljene v različno onesnaženih območjih v Sloveniji (Zgornja Mežiška, Šaleška in Poljanska dolina), s podatki evropskih raziskav. Vsebnosti kovin v trosnjakih gliv iz neonesnaženih območij pravilomanajdemo v naslednjih intervalih: <0,5 mg/kg suhe teže (Cd), < 0,5 mg/kg do 10 mg/kg suhe teže (Hg), < 0,5 mg/kg do 5 mg/kg suhe teže (Pb) in < 0,5 mg/kg do 1 (2) mg/kg suhe teže (As). Na podlagi pregleda vsebnosti izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv ugotavljamo, da sta problematični kovini predvsem Cd in Hg. Omenjeni kovini lahko dosegata velike vsebnosti celo v glivah, ki rastejo v neonesnaženih območjih. Za vse analizirane kovin je značilno, da v trosnjakih gliv iz močno onesnaženih območji dosegajo velike, celo ekstemne vsebnosti, ki nekajkrat prekoračujejo vsebnosti iz neonesnaženih območij. Upoštevaje primerjavo z evropskimi raziskavami ugotavljamo, da je Zgornja Mežiška dolina obremenjena s Pb in Cd, Šaleška dolina pa s Cd in As.Metals, which originate from anthropogenic and natural activities, frequently occur in forest landscape with habitats of many European species of wild growing fungi. The presented review focuses on cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) levels in fruiting bodies of wild growing European species of fungi of forest landscape. Furthermore, a comparison with studies of this kind performed in Slovenia was made with the aim to assess themetals levels in fungi from differently polluted areas in Slovenia (the Upper Meža Valley, the Šalek Valley, the Poljana Valley). The usual reported levels for most species grown in unpolluted areas are in the following ranges:Cd: < 0,5 mg/kg - 5 mg/kg dry weight (dw), Hg: < 0,5 mg/kg - 10 mg/kg dw, Pb: < 0,5 mg/kg - 5 mg/kg dw, As: < 0,5 mg/kg -1 (2) mg/kg dw (As), respectively. The presented data reveal that cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) have probably been the most detrimental trace elements in fruiting bodies, which can reach increased levels even in unpolluted areas. It is evident for all analyzed trace elements that values can considerably increase in fungi picked in severely polluted areas. According to data regarding Slovene studies and comparison with other European studies, it is obvious that the Šalek Valley is enriched with Cd and As, while the Upper Meža Valley is considerably polluted with Pb and Cd

Simplot analysis of canine and feline coronaviruses.

<p>Similarity between nucleotide sequences of 3′-region of genome of type II CCoV fc1, type I FCoV Black, and type II FCoVs KUK-H/L, M91-267 and Tokyo/cat/130627. Horizontal axis refers to nucleotide position of fc1. Upper region of the plot map shows ORF structure in type II CCoV fc1 and corresponds to nucleotide positions in the plot map. A similarity of 1.0 indicates 100% identity with the nucleotide sequence. Parameters for calculation were as follows: window size, 200 bp; and step size, 40 bp.</p

Phylogenetic trees using partial RdRp(A), partial S (B) and N (C) genes.

<p>Type I FCoVs, type II FCoVs and type II CCoVs are shown in red, green and blue, respectively. Swine CoV (TGEV and PRCoV), ferret CoV (FRCoV) and human CoV (HCoV) are shown in black. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses.</p

Hypothesis of emergence of type II FCoV.

<p>Some cats persistently infected with type I FCoV are superinfected with type II CCoV which is excreted from dogs. Inside the cat body, type II FCoV emerges by homologous recombination and induces severe clinical disease, FIP. Diseased cats do not spread type II FCoV.</p

Canine and feline coronaviruses analyzed in this study: nucleotide sequence acquisition numbers and serum cross-neutralizing activity.

<p>N.D.: Not done.</p>a<p>Serum was collected from the cat that was inoculated intraorally with type I FCoV C3663 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106534#pone.0106534-Terada1" target="_blank">[36]</a>.</p>b<p>Serum was collected from the cat that was inoculated intraperitoneally with type II FCoV M91-267 (unpublished data).</p>c<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106534#pone.0106534-Terada1" target="_blank">[36]</a>.</p><p>Canine and feline coronaviruses analyzed in this study: nucleotide sequence acquisition numbers and serum cross-neutralizing activity.</p

Schema of feline and canine coronaviruses.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schema of type II CCoV. Each ORF is indicated by squares. Arrowheads indicate location of primers for amplification of partial RdRp, partial S and full N genes. (<b>B</b>) Schema of type II CCoV fc1, type II FCoV M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627, and type I FCoV C3663 and Yayoi. Blue boxes indicate ORFs originating from type II CCoV. Red boxes indicate ORFs originating from type I FCoV.</p

Host-seeking ticks collected in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

<p>Host-seeking ticks collected in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.</p

Prevalence of <i>Borrelia</i> sp. in wild boars collected from Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

<p>Prevalence of <i>Borrelia</i> sp. in wild boars collected from Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.</p

Host-seeking ticks collected in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

<p>Host-seeking ticks collected in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.</p

Host-seeking ticks collected in Wakayama Prefecture.

<p>Host-seeking ticks collected in Wakayama Prefecture.</p