Effects on renal and mesenteric vasculatures of a single bolus injection of TP multiple bolus injection of TP and vehicle in septic sheep.

<p>Single bolus injection of TP (black circles); multiple bolus injection of TP (crosses); and vehicle (white circles). Renal blood flow, RBF; renal vascular conductance, RVC; mesenteric blood flow MBF; mesenteric vascular conductance, MVC. Results are means ± SD. * p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between s-TP and vehicle at each intervention point, + p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between m-TP and vehicle at each intervention point, *′ p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between intervention and control within s-TP, ^+′ p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between intervention and control within m-TP.</p

Systemic effects of a single bolus injection of TP multiple bolus injection of TP and vehicle in septic sheep.

<p>Single bolus injection of TP (black circles); multiple bolus injection of TP (crosses); and vehicle (white circles). Heart rate, HR; mean arterial pressure, MAP; cardiac output, CO; total peripheral conductance, TPC. Results are means ± SD. * p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between s-TP and vehicle at each intervention point, + p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between m-TP and vehicle at each intervention point, #p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between m-TP and vehicle at each intervention point, ^*′ p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between intervention and control within s-TP, ^+′ p&lt;0.05 for comparisons between intervention and control within m-TP.</p

Pair-wise comparisons for main effects during the intervention period ˆ.

ˆ<p>single dose terlipressin = sTP; multiple dose terlipressin = mTP; Group numbers indicate nature of comparison. A positive difference means that group one had a higher value than group 2. The number under %difference represents the percentage of difference between the two groups. A negative difference means that group 2 had a higher value. For example, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher with mTP or STP than vehicle. SE = standard error; CBF = coronary blood flow; CO = cardiac output; CVP = central venous pressure; HR = heart rate; IBF = iliac blood flow; MAP = mean arterial pressure; MBF = mesenteric blood flow; RBF = renal blood flow; RVC = renal vascular conductance; TPC = total peripheral conductance.</p><p>*All values represent P values after Bonferroni adjustment.</p

Renal functional and biochemical effects of terlipressin (TP) in severe sepsis.

<p>Filtration fraction = FF; urinary output = UO; plasma creatinine = p-Cr; creatinine clearance = CCr; fractional excretion of sodium = FENa.</p

Thermodynamically Anchoring-Frustrated Surface to Trigger Bulk Discontinuous Orientational Transition

Surface-specific liquid crystal (LC) nanostructures provide a unique platform for studying surface-wetting phenomena and also for technological applications. The most important studies on LC properties are related to bulk alignment, surface anchoring, and so on. Here, we study an LC system with a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on a perfluoropolymer-coated substrate, in which a discontinuous bulk orientational transition has recently been found. Using free-energy analysis based on experimental results of the newly-conducted grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) measurements, we have confirmed a thermodynamic growth process of smectic liquid crystalline wetting nanosheets on the surface and successfully explained that a frustrated surface of planar and vertical anchoring states accompanied by an elastic energy cost kinetically triggers the bulk reorientation in the first-order manner. This interfacial bottom-up process may offer a general insight into how interfacial hierarchical molecular architectures alter the bulk properties of matter thermodynamically