Effects of reduced pH and elevated temperatures on shell sizes.

<p>a) Shell height and b) shell length on prodissoconch I (PI) and c) on growth of prodissoconch II. Letters indicate significance as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0175706#pone.0175706.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. The temperature/pH combination of 0.4°C/7.80 was not used. NS = no significant differences between treatments, n = 3. Error bars are standard error.</p

SEM images of D-larvae from various experimental treatments.

<p>(a) normally developed D-larva from the control treatment (pH 7.98 and -1.6°C, x370), and (b-e) damaged and/or malformed larvae from reduced pH (7.65) treatments at various temperatures (d: -1.6°C, x430, b: -0.5°C, x450, c and e: 0.4°C, x400), (f) extremely malformed (left) and uncalcified (right) larvae from pH 7.65, -1.6°C (x450). PI: prodissoconch I; PII: prodissoconch II. All scale bars are 50 μm.</p

Seawater conditions for all experimental treatments.

<p>Seawater conditions for all experimental treatments.</p

SEM image (x370) of the shell of a <i>L</i>. <i>elliptica</i> D-shape larva.

<p>Showing prodissoconch I (PI), the boundary (B) between PI and prodissoconch II (PII) and the narrow band of PII. H and L indicate measurements of shell height and length, respectively, of PI. Scale bar as indicated.</p

Summary table of 2-way ANOVA.

<p>Summary table of 2-way ANOVA.</p

Carbonate chemistry of CO₂ manipulation experiments on sea ice brine algae from McMurdo Sound, 2012.

<p>Units for DIC, TA and CO₃ is µmol l⁻¹. Unit for pCO₂ is µatm. Standard deviation (sd) is based on five replicates.</p

Growth rate changes in sea ice brine algae based on chl-<i>a</i> and biovolume.

<p>a: Growth rate of the brine algal incubations with varying pH, based on changes in chl-<i>a</i> and biovolume, in November 2012, experiment 1. b: Growth rate of the brine algal incubations (chlorophyll a and biovolume) with constant pH and varying CO₂ in November 2012, experiment 2. Vertical grey line signifies initial pH and pCO₂.</p

Maximum quantum yield (F_v/F_m) of brine algae with varying pH and pCO₂.

<p>a: Maximum quantum yield (F_v/F_m) of the brine algal incubations with varying pH in November 2012, experiment 1. b: Maximum quantum yield (F_v/F_m) of the brine algal incubations with constant pH and varying CO₂ in November 2012, experiment 2. Vertical grey line signifies initial pH and pCO₂.</p