New Zealand's Quota Management System: A History of the First 20 Years

New Zealand is a world leader in the use of Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) to manage fisheries. Although the use of an ITQ system is not unique to New Zealand, no other country has used this system to the same extent as New Zealand. This has meant that, internationally, a lot of interest has been placed on how our system works and the level of success it has achieved. Generally, the New Zealand system is considered to be a success story, yet the system has changed a number of times since its inception in 1986. Despite the level of interest in New Zealand's unique ITQ system, the current literature is unable to provide a complete account of the historic and current regulations surrounding it. This paper addresses this gap by documenting how the Quota Management System (QMS) functions and the changes it has undergone since its introduction. Reviewing these changes facilitates a deeper understanding of the system itself, as well as providing insight into its potential limitations.Quota management system; individual transferable quota; fisheries; management; New Zealand

Nutrient Trading in Lake Rotorua: Where are we Now?

A number of decisions need to be made when setting up a nutrient trading system including defining a target, allocating allowances and setting up a monitoring system. To ensure that the nutrient trading system implemented operates in harmony with existing regulation, existing work and institutions need to be used to guide this decision making process. This paper briefly explores each of the decisions required to implement a nutrient trading system and to what extent they have been addressed so far. This will provide context for following papers which will examine each issue in more depth.Water quality; nutrients; trading; Lake Rotorua

Nutrient Trading in Lake Rotorua: Choosing the Scope of a Nutrient Trading System

A nutrient trading system is one mechanism that is currently being considered to control and reduce nutrient loss into Lake Rotorua. However this may not be the best mechanism for controlling nutrient loss from all sources. A more comprehensive system improves efficiency and decreases market power opportunities, but it can also bring increased compliance and administrative costs. This paper discusses which sources should be included in a nutrient trading system for Lake Rotorua including. It examines existing systems and presents an empirical analysis to estimate the impact of including different nutrient sources.Water quality, nutrients, trading, Lake Rotorua

Nutrient Trading in Lake Rotorua: Cost Sharing and Allowance Allocation.

This paper clarifies how the benefits and costs of water quality improvements in Lake Rotorua are likely to be shared in the absence of a trading system; presents different perspectives on and principles for deciding how costs should be allocated; and then shows how different options for initially allocating nutrient allowances and achieving reductions in the cap over time conform with those cost-sharing principles. There is no ‘correct’ answer to the question of who should pay. The ‘best’ answer for Lake Rotorua will depend on what the community thinks is fair and what will be politically feasible. If the trading market does not operate efficiently, the way that allowances are allocated will affect the efficiency with which the catchment achieves its environmental goal. If the allocation of allowances provides significant capital it could also affect economic behaviour by loosening capital constraints that limit land development and mitigation.Nutrient trading, water quality, allowance allocation

Nutrient Trading in Lake Rotorua: Overview of a Prototype System

Water quality in Lake Rotorua has been declining for at least the last 30 years as increased levels of nutrients have entered the lake. Despite significant effort and expenditure, the level of nutrients entering the lake still exceeds sustainable levels. A nutrient trading system would help the catchment achieve this goal at least cost. Nutrient sources would bear the cost of their impact on water quality and hence take these costs into account in their decision-making. This paper presents a prototype nutrient trading system for achieving cost effective nutrient loss reductions for the Lake Rotorua catchment.Water quality, nutrients, trading, Lake Rotorua

Sheep and Beef Production Costs Across New Zealand: Introducing the Spatial Dimension

Motu is currently developing a dataset of production costs relating to different rural land uses, which we can use to help explain historical land-use trends at a Territorial Authority level. The Meat and Wool Economic Service farm survey provides a rich database containing physical and financial data for New Zealand sheep and beef farms including detailed information on average farm expenditure, from at least 1980. But while this dataset provides extensive information for 8 farm classes and 5 regions, the actual location of the farms within each class is not known. So, we have developed an algorithm that generates a map of potential farm classes utilising supplementary information on farm location from QVNZ and a land productivity map developed by Baisden (2006) at Landcare Research. This map can be used to map any information contained with the farm survey reports.Spatial allocation, production costs, sheep and beef farming, Production Economics,

Nutrient Trading in Lake Rotorua: Goals and Trading Caps

For a nutrient trading system to achieve the desired environmental outcome, or goal, this outcome needs to be translated into nutrient flows and allowances. To connect the nutrient loss provided for under the allowances with the environmental goal, a number of decisions need to be made. These decisions will shape the nutrient trading system. This paper looks at the information and analysis needed to ultimately define allowances and set trading caps for a nutrient trading system.Water quality, nutrients, trading, Lake Rotorua

Assessing design options for a Nutrient Trading System using an integrated model

Water quality in many New Zealand waterways is currently declining leading to lakes and rivers being closed for contact recreation such as swimming and potentially threatening our clean, green image. Much of this decline is associated with an increase in the nutrient loss from agriculture in the surrounding catchment. Nutrient trading systems are being considered in a number of catchments across the county to restrict the nutrient loss entering the waterways and thus improve the water quality. Such a system is currently being implemented in Lake Taupo and Environment Bay of Plenty is exploring actively the use of such a system to manage nutrient loss in the Lake Rotorua catchment. Yet the design of such systems is challenging. In a collaborative effort between Motu, NIWA and GNS-Science, we are developing a spatial, stochastic, dynamic simulation model, N-TRADER to simulate the effect of different aspects of nutrient trading policy for the Lake Rotorua catchment. This model combines the economics of land use and management decision making, the functioning of temporal nutrient allowance markets and a model of nutrient flows and lags and is based on the best available empirical information on the geophysical and economic conditions for this catchment. This paper will discuss the design of N-TRADER and some of the nutrient trading system design questions that we plan to explore with the model including what is the impact of different nutrient caps and what is the impact of higher transaction costs.Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Gateways Not Pathways: Student Perceptions of the Portals to Employability

The expectation that tertiary education leads to employment is one that most commencing students hold. A problem arises when there is a gap between the knowledge and skills students expect to acquire and the knowledge and skills course designers and teachers expect students to develop. The present study interviewed 22 first year students and 12 final year students to explore their expectations and experiences of employability teaching and learning, and compared these to the conceptions of employability articulated in their institution’s policy documentation. The findings suggest that most students believed that, to achieve their career goals, their primary focus should be on completing their academic studies, and that all relevant knowledge and skills would be unveiled during this process. As such, they viewed their time at university as a distinct stage in their development, one that must be completed before they move on to engage with the challenge of employment. Such expectations differ in important ways from those of the institution at which participants were enrolled, which sets employability within the context of an ever-changing job market and the consequent need for life-long learning. Moreover, while the institution clearly articulates the skills that they believe are embedded within their units and courses, this is not being conveyed to students. Implications of this research highlight the need to carefully consider what expectations students are bringing with them regarding the enhancement of employability and how institutions can best act to bridge the gap between students’ expectations and their own

Constructing a Career Mindset in First Year Students: The Building Blocks for Curriculum Design

[EN] Higher Education Institutions are under increasing pressure to produce competent and qualified graduates for the ever-changing labour market. However, this is no easy feat. This paper shows how a transformational change in Victoria University’s teaching model created an opportunity for teachers to redesign first-year, employability-related curricula. The approach to this challenge focuses on the development of a career mindset in first year university students. Through the examination of two courses, one from the Bachelor of Arts and one from the Bachelor of Psychological Studies, this paper demonstrates a number of active learning and engagement strategies that can be incorporated into the classroom to empower first year students to develop a career mindset that can help them to develop and integrate employability related skills throughout their degrees and beyond.Kelly, K.; Lock, E. (2019). Constructing a Career Mindset in First Year Students: The Building Blocks for Curriculum Design. En HEAD'19. 5th International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 54-8. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD19.2019.9240OCS54