Spirobicyclic Diamines 1: Synthesis of Proline-derived Spirolactams via Thermal Intramolecular Ester Aminolysis

Proline derived [4.4]-spirolactams have been synthesised in good yields by a reductive-amination reaction followed by thermal cyclisation of the resulting amine onto the proline ester group in refluxing toluene. The synthesis of the corresponding [4.5]-spirolactams by the same method gave much reduced yields

Spirobicyclic Diamines 2: Synthesis of Homochiral Diastereoisomeric Proline Derived [4,4]-Spirolactams

L-Proline derived diastereoisomeric [4.4]-spirolactams have been prepared by a reductive-amination reaction of (R)- or (S)-alanine methyl ester followed by thermal cyclisation of the resulting amine onto the proline ester group in refluxing toluene. Under similar conditions (R)- or (S)-phenylalanine methyl ester gave no cyclisation products, while R- or S-a-methylbenzylamine required treatment with NaNH2 in refluxing toluene to induce cyclisation giving diastereoisomeric [4.4]-spirolactam

Spirobicyclic Diamines. Part 3: Synthesis and Metal Complexation of Proline-Derived [4,4]-Spirodiamines.

The syntheses of racemic and homochiral [4.4]-spirolactams, starting from L-proline, in good yields are described. Reduction of the lactam carbonyl group of spirolactams, containing chiral substituents on the lactam nitrogen, with lithium aluminium hydride, gives a series of homochiral [4.4]-spirodiamines. The crystal structure of one of these spirodiamines on complexation with zinc chloride was obtained. Interestingly it showed a hydrogen-bonded dimeric structure, where the monomers are diastereoisomeric diamines

A comparison of pilot-scale supersonic direct steam injection to conventional steam infusion and tubular heating systems for the heat treatment of protein-enriched skim milk-based beverages

peer-reviewedDirect supersonic steam injection, direct steam infusion, and indirect tubular heating were each applied to protein-enriched skim milk-based beverages with 4, 6 and 8% (w/w) total protein, and the effect of final heat temperature on the physical properties of these beverages was investigated. Supersonic steam injection resulted in significantly lower levels of denaturation of β-lactoglobulin (34.5%), compared to both infusion (76.3%) and tubular (97.1%) heating technologies. Viscosity, particle size and accelerated physical stability of formulations did not differ significantly between the heating technologies, while noticeable colour differences due to heat treatment (mainly attributed to increasing b* value) were observed, particularly for tubular heating. Overall, the extent of protein denaturation in high-protein dairy products was significantly influenced by the particular heating technology applied. The application of supersonic steam injection technology, with rapid heating and high shear characteristics, may enable differenciated product characteristics for ready-to-drink ambient-delivery high-protein dairy beverages. Industrial relevance: The design and application of novel direct supersonic steam injection technology was comprehensively studied and found to provide significant benefits over direct steam infusion and indirect tubular heating technologies for skim milk-based protein beverages. This type of injection heating system resulted in heat-treated formulations with lower levels of denatured whey proteins, compared to tubular and infusion heating, offering an alternative opportunity to the industry in terms of producing shelf-stable dairy protein beverages

Trends in treated problem drug use in the seven health board areas outside the Eastern Regional Health Authority: 1998 to 2002 / Jean Long, Tracey Kelleher, Fionnola Kelly, Hamish Sinclair

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Trends in treated problem cannabis use in the seven health board areas outside the Eastern Regional Health Authority, 1998 to 2002. Occasional Paper no. 14.

The data presented in this paper describe trends in treated problem cannabis use in seven health board areas, namely: the Midland, Mid-Western, North Eastern, North Western, Southern, South Eastern and Western Health Boards. The total numbers include 6,164 cases who lived and were treated in the seven health boards between 1998 and 2002. In this paper, treated problem cannabis use is described in relation to person, place and time. This paper will assist policy makers and service planners develop appropriate responses to problem cannabis use. The analysis presented in this paper is based on data reported to the National Drug Treatment Reporting System (NDTRS)

Treatment demand in the seven health board areas outside the Eastern Regional Health Authority: 1998 to 2002 / Jean Long, Tracey Kelleher, Fionnola Kelly, Hamish Sinclair

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Trends in treated problem opiate use in the seven health board areas outside the Eastern Regional Health Authority: 1998 to 2002 / Jean Long, Tracey Kelleher, Fionnola Kelly, Hamish Sinclair

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Trends in treated problem cannabis use in the seven health board areas outside the Eastern Regional Health Authority: 1998 to 2002 \\\\ Tracey Kelleher, Jean Long, Fionnola Kelly, and Hamish Sinclair.

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Structure-Reactivity Relationships of L-Proline Derived Spirolactams and a-Methyl Prolinamide Organocatalysts in the Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction of Aldehydes to Nitroolefins.

L-Proline derived spirolactams and a-methyl prolinamides act as organocatalysts for the asymmetric conjugate addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins in excellent yields, with good diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. Furthermore, low catalyst loadings (5 mol%) and a low aldehyde molar excess (1.5 molar equivalents) were achieved