30 research outputs found

    Evolutionarily Divergent, Unstable Filamentous Actin Is Essential for Gliding Motility in Apicomplexan Parasites

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    Apicomplexan parasites rely on a novel form of actin-based motility called gliding, which depends on parasite actin polymerization, to migrate through their hosts and invade cells. However, parasite actins are divergent both in sequence and function and only form short, unstable filaments in contrast to the stability of conventional actin filaments. The molecular basis for parasite actin filament instability and its relationship to gliding motility remain unresolved. We demonstrate that recombinant Toxoplasma (TgACTI) and Plasmodium (PfACTI and PfACTII) actins polymerized into very short filaments in vitro but were induced to form long, stable filaments by addition of equimolar levels of phalloidin. Parasite actins contain a conserved phalloidin-binding site as determined by molecular modeling and computational docking, yet vary in several residues that are predicted to impact filament stability. In particular, two residues were identified that form intermolecular contacts between different protomers in conventional actin filaments and these residues showed non-conservative differences in apicomplexan parasites. Substitution of divergent residues found in TgACTI with those from mammalian actin resulted in formation of longer, more stable filaments in vitro. Expression of these stabilized actins in T. gondii increased sensitivity to the actin-stabilizing compound jasplakinolide and disrupted normal gliding motility in the absence of treatment. These results identify the molecular basis for short, dynamic filaments in apicomplexan parasites and demonstrate that inherent instability of parasite actin filaments is a critical adaptation for gliding motility

    High Frequency MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanomechanical Resonators

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    Molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>), a layered semiconducting material in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), as thin as a monolayer (consisting of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms covalently bonded and sandwiched between two planes of S atoms, in a trigonal prismatic structure), has demonstrated unique properties and strong promises for emerging two-dimensional (2D) nanodevices. Here we report on the demonstration of movable and vibrating MoS<sub>2</sub> nanodevices, where MoS<sub>2</sub> diaphragms as thin as 6 nm (a stack of 9 monolayers) exhibit fundamental-mode nanomechanical resonances up to <i>f</i><sub>0</sub> ∌ 60 MHz in the very high frequency (VHF) band, and frequency-quality (<i>Q</i>) factor products up to <i>f</i><sub>0</sub> × <i>Q</i> ∌ 2 × 10<sup>10</sup>Hz, all at room temperature. The experimental results from many devices with a wide range of thicknesses and lateral sizes, in combination with theoretical analysis, quantitatively elucidate the elastic transition regimes in these ultrathin MoS<sub>2</sub> nanomechanical resonators. We further delineate a roadmap for scaling MoS<sub>2</sub> 2D resonators and transducers toward microwave frequencies. This study also opens up possibilities for new classes of vibratory devices to exploit strain- and dynamics-engineered ultrathin semiconducting 2D crystals

    Effets de l’hypothermie sur la microcirculation cĂ©rĂ©brale aprĂšs arrĂȘt cardiaque

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    Introduction. L’hypothermie thĂ©rapeutique (HT) amĂ©liore le devenir neurologique des survivants Ă  un arrĂȘt cardiaque (AC), mais on connait encore peu l’influence de ce refroidissement sur l’hĂ©modynamique cĂ©rĂ©brale aprĂšs rĂ©animation. Le but de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer les effets de l’HT sur la microcirculation et le mĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©braux.Patients et MĂ©thodes. Dix cochons (sus scropha) anesthĂ©tisĂ©s, monitorisĂ©s de façon invasive et ventilĂ©s mĂ©caniquement ont Ă©tĂ© randomisĂ©s en deux groupes (n = 5) :normothermie (NT, 39.5±1.0 °C) et hypothermie thĂ©rapeutique (HT, 34.0±1.0°C). AprĂšs 3 min de fibrillation ventriculaire non traitĂ©e, la rĂ©animation cardiopulmonaire (RCP) a Ă©tĂ© commencĂ©e et poursuivie pour 3 min avant dĂ©fibrillation. L’hypothermie a Ă©tĂ© induite dĂšs le dĂ©but de la RCP avec perfusion de 30 mL/kg d’une solution salĂ©e froide en 60 min, refroidissement Ă©vaporatif trans-nasal (Rhinochill, Benechill Inc, USA) et refroidissement de surface par de la glace. L’hypothermie a Ă©tĂ© maintenue durant 6 heures, suivie d’un rĂ©chauffement lent par couvertures thermiques. Le groupe control a reçu la mĂȘme quantitĂ© de liquides en bolus (Ă  38°C) pendant la RCP et la tempĂ©rature a Ă©tĂ© maintenue Ă  la valeur de base. Des sondes intraparenchymateuses ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour mesurer toutes les heures la tempĂ©rature cĂ©rĂ©brale (Licox CC1.SB, Integra, NeuroSciences Ltd. Hamphsire, UK), le dĂ©bit sanguin global cĂ©rĂ©bral (laser Doppler MNP100XP, Oxyflow, Oxford Optronix, Oxford, UK) et le rapport lactate/pyruvate (RLP, microdialyse CMA20, CMA, Sweden). AprĂšs craniectomie gauche, le reseau microvasculaire du cortex frontal a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© par videomicroscopie Sidestream Dark-Field (SDF, Microscan, MicroVision Medical, Pays-Bas) au dĂ©part (T0), 1 heure aprĂšs l’induction de l’hypothermie (T1), Ă  la fin de l’hypothermie (T2) e aprĂšs rĂ©chauffement (T3), et aux temps correspondant dans le groupe tĂ©moin. La densitĂ© de capillaires perfusĂ©s (Cerebral perfused capillary density, FCD), le pourcentage de petits vaisseaux perfusĂ©s, PPV) et l’index de flux moyen (mean flow index, MFI) ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©s avec les formules usuelles.RĂ©sultats. Le temps de retour Ă  la circulation spontanĂ©e Ă©tait similaire dans les deux groupes (7 [6-22] min pour NT et 9 [6-21] min pour HT). La perfusion microvasculaire Ă©tait significativement diminuĂ©e aprĂšs AC dans les deux groupes, mais mieux prĂ©servĂ©e dans le groupe HT Le rapport L/P Ă©tait plus Ă©levĂ© dans le groupe NT pendant toute la durĂ©e de l’expĂ©rience.Conclusion. La microcirculation cĂ©rĂ©brale est altĂ©rĂ©e aprĂšs AC rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ© ;l’hypothermie limite ces altĂ©rations et prĂ©serve le mĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral.Grant. Fonds Erasme. Bourse de Recherche 2011-2012.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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