Controlling spatial forest structure with spatial simulation in forest management planning: a case study from Turkey

Decision Support Systems (DSS) is widely used to develop spatially explicit forest management plans through the integration of spatial parameters. As a part of this study, a simulation-based spatial DSS, the ETÇAPSimülasyon program was developed and tested in a case study area. The system has the capability to control the spatial structure of forests based on a geodatabase. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to generate the database, using spatial parameters including opening size, block size and green-up delay in addition to other attribute data such as the empirical yield table and the product assortment table. Based on the simulation technique, a spatial forest management model was developed to link strategic planning with tactical planning on a stand base and to present results with a number of performance indicators. One important component of the model determined all spatial characteristics with spatial parameters and patch descriptions. A stand growth and yield simulation model (BARSM) based on the relationship between current and optimal basal area development was also generated to project future stand characteristics and analyze the effects of various silvicultural treatments. A number of spatial forest management strategies were developed to generate spatially implementable harvest schedules and perform spatial analyses. The forest management concept was enhanced by employing a spatial simulation technique to help analyzing the ecosystem structure. Spatial characteristics for an on-the-ground forest management plan were then developed. The model was tested in Altınoluk Planning Unit (APU) using a spatial simulation technique based on various spatial parameters. The results indicated that the spatial model was able to satisfy the spatial restriction requirements of the forest management plan

Pseudoperikarditis krave uzrokovan tajleriozom.

Pseudopericarditis has been used to describe jugular engorgement and oedema of the brisket and ventral abdominal wall. Similar symptoms can be seen in cattle with traumatic pericarditis. Pressure caused by tumours, abscesses, Echinococcus cysts, swollen lymph nodes resulting from tuberculosis and leukosis, one-sided pleuritis and diaphragmatic hernia to the base of cranial and caudal vena cava returning blood to the heart have been reported to cause pseudopericarditis in cattle. These mediastinal lymph nodes may also be swollen due to theileriosis and cause pressure on the v. cava. This study aims to describe the clinical, haematological and electrocardiographical findings of a pseudopericarditis case in a cow caused by theileriosis, and to add the disease into the aetiology of pseudopericarditis.Opisan je pseudoperikarditis kod zastoja u jugularnoj veni te edema prsišta i ventralne abdominalne stijenke. Slični simptomi mogu se zabilježiti u goveda kod traumatskog perikarditisa. Pritisak uzrokovan tumorima, apscesima, hidatidnim cistama, povećanim limfnim čvorovima kod tuberkuloze i leukoze, jednostranim pleuritisom te dijafragmatskom hernijom prema bazi kranijalne i kaudalne šuplje vene već su opisani kod pseudoperikarditisa u goveda. Medijastinalni limfni čvorovi mogu biti povećani i kod tajlerioze te pritisnuti šuplju venu. Opisani su klinički, hematološki i elektrokardiografski nalazi kod pseudoperikarditisa u krave uzrokovanog tajleriozom čime je povećan niz uzroka koji dovode do navedene bolesti

Biotyping and serotyping of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica isolated from lung samples of slaughtered sheep in the van region

A total of 584 lung samples of slaughtered sheep having clinical symptoms of pneumonia were investigated microbiologically. Out of the 584 samples, 66 (11.3%) Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica strains were isolated on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Sixty- six isolates of M. haemolytica were biotyped by carbohydrate fermentation tests and serotyped by coagglutination and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests. Out of the 66 M. haemolytica strains, 57 (86.3%) were detected as biotype A, and 9 (13.6%) were biotype T. The 66 M. haemolytica isolates were serotyped as follows by coagglutination test: 13 (19.6%) A2, 11 (16.6%) A1, 9 (13.6%) A6, 7 (10.6%) A9, 4 (6.0%) A5, 4 (6.0%) A7, 4 (6.0%) A12, 3 (4.5%) A8, 1 (1.5%) T4, 1 (1.5%) A13, and 1 (1.5%) T15. Of the M. haemolytica strains, 14 (21.2%) belonged to serotype A2, 11 (16.6%) to serotype A1, 10 (15.1%) to serotype A6, 7 (10.6%) to serotype A9, 4 (6.0%) to serotype A5, 4 (6.0%) to serotype A7, 4 (6.0%) to serotype A12, 4 (6.0%) to serotype A8, 1 (1.5%) to serotype T4, 1 (1.5%) to serotype A13 and 1 (1.5%) to serotype T15 by IHA test. Eight (12.1%) and 5 (7.5%) isolates were unserotyped by coagglutination and IHA tests, respectively. T3, T10, A11, A14 and A16 serotypes were not determined

In-vitro studies on mechanisms of immunosuppression associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) depressed the proliferative reactivity of normal ovine peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). This BRSV-induced reduction in proliferative reactivity was not reversed or ameliorated by the addition of (1) indomethacin or flunixin meglumine, substances known to inhibit the production of prostaglandins, or (2) the cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), or (3) rat growth factor. The results suggest that the suppression of ovine lymphocyte reactivity to PHA associated with BRSV was not caused by the release of cyclooxygenase products such as prostaglandins, or the production of inhibitors of IL-1 or IL-2. (C) 1998 W.B. Saunders Company Limited

The effects of virus-specific antibodies on the replication of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and on clinical disease and immune responses in lambs

Low concentrations of antibodies, specific to human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been shown to enhance virus replication in human monocytic cell lines by several workers. In the present study, replication of bovine RSV in ovine peripheral blood monocytes was shown to be enhanced in the presence of low concentration of bovine RSV-specific antibodies. Antibodies had no enhancing effect on virus replication in secondary lamb testis cells or monocytic cell lines derived from peripheral blood monocytes. The possible effects of low titres of bovine RSV-specific antibodies on the development of clinical disease were examined by inoculating groups of lambs with a mixture of virus and antibodies and assessing the severity of clinical disease and by measuring venous oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) tensions, as hypoxia has been associated with respiratory diseases. Inoculation of bovine RSV and virus-specific antibody complexes to lambs did not enhance clinical disease and had no effect on the clinical chemistry, haematology and PO2 and PCO2 tensions. Groups of lambs inoculated with virus alone or virus-antibody complexes developed significant humoral and cellular immune responses. There was no significant difference in the cellular immune responses of lambs exposed to virus alone and lambs exposed to virus-antibody mixture, as measured by virus-specific lymphocyte transformation or by cytotoxicity assays but the period of virus shedding was longer in lambs inoculated with a mixture of virus and immune serum. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V

The effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on the phagocytic and antigen-presenting capacity of peripheral blood monocytes and monocytic cell lines derived from lambs and calves

Human respiratory syncytial virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) suppress lymphocyte responses to mitogens. In the present study, the possible effects of BRSV on some functions of antigen-presenting cells (APC) were investigated by exposing ovine monocytic cells to the virus before their use as APC. The depletion of monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in the near total abrogation of proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Reactivity was restored by the addition of homologous monocytic cells derived from ovine peripheral blood monocytes as APC. The exposure of these monocytic cells to BRSV for 48 h before their use as APC significantly reduced the proliferative responses of uninfected ovine lymphocytes to PHA. Furthermore, the exposure of bovine peripheral blood monocytes and bovine and ovine monocytic cell lines to BRSV for 48 h reduced their capacity to phagocytize latex beads. (C) 1998 W.B. Saunders Company Limited

Vaccination with glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)-infected cells stimulates a better immune response in lambs than vaccination with heat-inactivated cell-free BRSV

The lamb model was used to investigate the possible protective effects of vaccination with inactivated viral antigens against experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Two groups of eight lambs were vaccinated with either glutaraldehyde-inactivated inactivated cell-associated virus or heat-inactivated cell-free virus and subsequently challenged with live virus, along with a group of naive lambs, The virus was shed for significantly longer periods, and the virus titres in nasal secretions were significantly higher in the group of naive lambs than in the two groups of vaccinated lambs. The period of virus-shedding in nasal secretions and virus titres was significantly lower (p <0.01) in the group of lambs immunized with the cell-associated preparation, The same antigen stimulated better cellular immune responses as measured by virus-specific cytotoxicity or by virus-specific lymphocyte proliferation. However; priming with inactivated vaccines had no significant effect on lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin, which was found to be significantly reduced (p <0.01) following challenge with live virus. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved