35 research outputs found

    Kratki povijesni pregled bioetičkog aktivizma u Hrvatskoj ā€“ kao poticaj za razvoj edukacijskog modela bioetičkog aktivizma

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    There has been a universal agreement in the last couple of decades that bioethics education at all levels should be provided to citizens through the adoption of the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights by the UNESCO General Conference in 1997 and by the United Nations General Assembly in 1998. The work of bioethical educators in moral and (bio)ethical values was applied to the issues raised by modern science and technology. The process of learning is also recognized as being the result of complex interacting influences. Teaching in a bioethical context must recognize these interconnections because of the internal application to and impact on peoplesā€™ lives. Furthermore, teaching in a bioethical context needs to use pedagogies that engage students in participatory activities to enable the development of multiple dimensions of knowledge. These dimensions include the scientific content as well as the personal, social, and emotional aspects associated with any particular bioethical issue. Therefore, it is crucial to highlight the importance of focusing on the nature of the controversy, recognizing that opinions are based on particular worldviews and critical reflection of personal views, as well as promoting open-mindedness or willingness to accommodate new views and develop a new bioethical perspective on life. The paper presents several examples of bioethical activism in Croatia that provided an impetus for teaching students in bioethical activism at the Faculty of Education. I will mention an example of the inclusion of the NGO Pobjede in a bioethical course on the subject of the ethical relation to animals. An example of NGO Pobjede activity was a stimulating example of bioethical activism for students.U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća postoji univerzalni sporazum o tome da se obrazovanje o bioetici na svim razinama treba pružiti građanima kroz usvajanje Opće deklaracije o ljudskom genomu i ljudskim pravima izglasane na Generalnoj konferenciji UNESCO-a 1997. godine, koju je potvrdila opća skupÅ”tina Ujedinjenih naroda 1998. Rad bioetičkih odgojitelja u moralnim i (bio)etičkim vrijednostima primijenjen je na pitanja moderne znanosti i tehnologije. Sam proces učenja također je prepoznat kao rezultat složenih interakcijskih utjecaja različitih perspektiva i dimenzija. Bioetičko podučavanje nužno mora prepoznati ove međusobne veze zbog inherentne primjene i utjecaja na živote ljudi. Nadalje, poučavanje u bioetičkom kontekstu treba koristiti pedagogiju koja uključuje studente u participativne aktivnosti kako bi se omogućio razvoj viÅ”estrukih dimenzija znanja. Te dimenzije uključuju znanstveni sadržaj, kao i osobne, druÅ”tvene i emocionalne aspekte povezane s bilo kojim određenim bioetičkim pitanjem. Stoga je ključno naglasiti važnost usredotočivanja na samu narav kontroverznih bioetičkih problema, priznajući da se miÅ”ljenja sudionika temelje na određenim svjetonazorima i kritičkoj refleksiji osobnih stavova, kao i na promicanju otvorenosti i spremnosti da se studenti prilagode novim pogledima te razviju novu bioetičku perspektivu prema životu. Zbog svega navedenog, na kolegiju bioetike koji držimo na SveučiliÅ”tu u Osijeku nastojimo približiti bioetičke probleme studentima i izravno ih uključiti u njihovo rjeÅ”avanje. U radu je predstavljeno nekoliko primjera iz bogate povijesti bioetičkog aktivizma u Hrvatskoj koji su dali poticaj za podučavanje studenata bioetičkom aktivizmu na Fakultetu za odgojne i obrazovne znanosti u Osijeku. Spomenut ćemo primjer uključivanja nevladine organizacije Pobjeda u kolegij bioetike u sklopu teme moralni obzir prema neljudskim živim bićima. Ključno je naglasiti da je jedan od glavnih ciljeva kolegija bioetike potaknuti studente u aktivno uključivanje u socijalni i druÅ”tveni život svojih zajednica te njihovo poticanje na uključivanje u rjeÅ”avanje bioetičkih problema

    Care and Empathy as a Crucial Quality for Social Change

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    Suppose the contemporary man of the 21st century puts under control one of the most significant issues of humankind, like the shortage of food or hunger, epidemics of contagious diseases, and wars. Then remains the question which man first encountered at the dawn of the third millennium; it is a question of what to do with yourself. This question becomes extremely important if we consider biotechnology and information technologyā€™s immense growing power. What to do with so much power? Nevertheless, the most obvious question is whether a man has become better and more moral, empathetic and caring than he was. What seems to concern contemporary man includes happiness, divinity, and ultimately his improvement as a moral agent and his immortality. We will try to answer these and many other questions through the paradigm of ethics of care, closely related to the question of empathy. The paper will discuss and highlight empathy and care as crucial means for social change. Therefore, the main aim of such ethics is to alleviate human suffering and anxiety and promote human well-being and happiness. Can care, compassion, and empathy ethics provide us with some answers and become a path to a more moral world

    Guest Editorā€™s Editorial

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    Guest Editorā€™s Editorial

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    2nd Osijek Days of Bioethics

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    Odgovorno upravljanje poljoprivrednim zemljiŔtem

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    Tlo je prirodni resurs koji se troÅ”i velikom brzinom, prvenstveno zbog modernog načina poljoprivredne proizvodnje. O tome javnost ne zna dovoljno niti se o zaÅ”titi tla vodi adekvatna briga. Iako je tlo obnovljivi prirodni resurs, obnova tla odvija se tempom koji je viÅ”e puta sporiji od trenutne degradacije i gubljenja plodnosti tla. Krčenjem Å”uma i pretvorbom Å”umskog tla u poljoprivredno tlo za uzgoj komercijalnih monokultura žitarica i uljarica, koje se tretiraju kemijskim sredstvima radi Å”to većih prinosa, poljoprivredno se tlo dovodi do stanja neodrživosti. Upravljati poljoprivrednim tlom znači koristiti ga poput dobrog gospodara. Nekoliko je osnovnih načina za to: 1. Poticanje ekoloÅ”ke poljoprivrede, bez primjene agrokemikalija, uz raznolikost vrsta u uzgoju bilja i životinja, te proizvodnje hrane i prerade primarnih proizvoda na ekoloÅ”ki, gospodarski i druÅ”tveno opravdani proizvodno-tehnoloÅ”ki način, uz ostavljanje najmanjeg mogućeg ekoloÅ”kog otiska (engl. foodprint, footprint); 2. Primjena načela Nitratne direktive i dobre poljoprivredne prakse, odnosno zaÅ”tita i sprječavanje zagađivanja podzemnih i pitkih voda nitratima, uzrokovano intenzivnom poljoprivredom, loÅ”om i nekontroliranom gnojidbom i unoÅ”enjem prekomjerne količine duÅ”ika; 3. Sprječavanje grabeži zemlje (engl. land grabbing), Å”to uključuje i prenamjenu poljoprivrednog zemljiÅ”ta u ā€žindustrijsko-poslovne zoneā€œ; 4. Zabrana sjetve genetički modificiranih usjeva i destimuliranje konvencionalne industrijski orijentirane monokulturne poljoprivrede; 5. Odgovoran odnos prema tlu graditi u skladu s načelima integrativne bioetike i etike zemlje Alda Leopolda

    NASILJE KAO BIOETIČKO PITANJE U SPORTU

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    In the past decades, sport has emerged as an essential factor in shaping culture in many societies. Coupled with the pervasive presence of television and instant reporting of events across the globe, sport has become the spotlight for all that is common across cultures. Conversely, sport has also become a pivotal issue when one examines values, priorities, ethics, lifestyle, and well-being in modern societies. We are regularly exposed to the media outline of sport and violence in sports; we forget that violence is often associated with sport in many invisible ways. When we talk about violence and sport, we usually think primarily about violence among players or violence among fans, completely ignoring many other forms of violence associated with sport. In our reflection, we should bear in mind that sport is merely a reflection of society. Taking this into account in our presentation, we will show that there are multiple forms of violence around and in sports. In the paper, we will use the definition and types of sport-related violence by Kevin Young. Through the analysis of the types of sport-related violence, we will determine how much sport-related violence is a bioethical issue. In this paper, we will show that sports violence is not limited to the sports field alone, but that it encompasses many spheres of life and society. The expected scientific contribution of the paper is to point out the broad and comprehensive problem of violence in and around sports. Only through accurate detection of all types of violence in and around sports, it is possible to find a fundamental starting point for trying to solve the problem of violence in and around sports.U proteklim desetljećima, sport se pojavio kao bitan faktor u oblikovanju kulture u mnogim druÅ”tvima. Zajedno s sve prisutnijom televizijom i trenutnim izvjeÅ”tavanjem o događajima diljem svijeta, sport je postao žariÅ”te svega Å”to je zajedničko u kulturama. Istovremeno, sport je također postao srediÅ”nje pitanje kada se ispituju vrijednosti, prioriteti, etika, stil života i blagostanje u modernim druÅ”tvima. Redovito smo izloženi medijskim prikazima sporta i nasilja u sportu, pri čemu zaboravljamo da je nasilje sa sportom često povezano na nevidljive načine. Kada govorimo o nasilju i sportu, obično se misli u prvom reda na nasilje među igračima ili na nasilje među navijačima, pri čemu u potpunosti zanemarujemo mnoge druge oblike nasilja povezanih sa sportom. U svom razmiÅ”ljanju trebali bismo imati na umu da je sport samo odraz druÅ”tva. Uzimajući to u obzir u naÅ”oj prezentaciji, pokazat ćemo da postoji viÅ”e oblika nasilja oko i u sportu. U radu ćemo se poslužiti definicijom i podjelom na vrste nasilja povezanih sa sportom autora Kevina Younga. Kroz analizu vrsta nasilja povezanih sa sportom utvrdit ćemo koliko je ustvari nasilje povezano sa sportom bioetičko pitanje. U ovom ćemo radu pokazati da se sportsko nasilje ne ograničava samo na sportski teren, već da obuhvaća mnoge sfere života i druÅ”tva. Očekivani znanstveni doprinos rada jest ukazati na Å”iroko i sveobuhvatan problem nasilja u i oko sporta. Samo kroz točno detektiranje svih vrsta nasilja u i oko sporta, moguće je naći temeljno polaziÅ”te za pokuÅ”aj rjeÅ”avanja problema nasilja u i oko sporta

    3rd Osijek Days of Bioethics

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    GMO 2.0: Neue Benennung ā€“ altes Problem

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    Tijekom posljednjih godina doÅ”lo je do velikog napretka u tehnikama genetičkog inženjeringa, koji se očituje u većoj mogućnosti dubljeg i složenijeg zahvata u genetski sastav i metaboličke putove živih organizama. To je dovelo do pojave dvaju novih područja genetičkog inženjeringa koja se međusobno preklapaju: sintetičke biologije i skupa tehnika genetičkog inženjerstva koja se eufemistički zovu Nove tehnike oplemenjivanja biljaka (engl. New plant breeding techniques ā€“ NPBT). Trenutno postoji popis sedam ā€žnovihā€œ tehnika genetičkog inženjeringa pred Europskom komisijom, koja treba odlučiti pokrivaju li zakoni EU o GMO-u proizvode tih tehnika. Moguća primjena tehnika genetičkog modificiranja zahtijeva strogu primjenu načela opreza i potrebno je sustavno praćenje i evaluacija u svim fazama u skladu s EU Direktivom 2001/18. BiotehnoloÅ”ka industrija tvrdi da ove tehnike nisu tehnike genetičkog modificiranja u skladu s trenutnom pravnom definicijom GMO-a te da Direktiva 2001/18 treba izuzeti ove tehnike, budući da konačni proizvod ne sadrži genetički modificirani materijal, čak i ako je u nekom trenutku razvoja i koriÅ”ten genetički inženjering. Europska komisija trenutno radi na pravnom tumačenju propisa o reguliranju, kao i mnoge odvjetnici iz biotehnoloÅ”ke industrije i civilnog druÅ”tva. Potrebno je naglasiti, imajući u vidu tumačenja pravne regulative i rizika, da se neke od tih tehnika mogu koristiti također u kombinaciji s drugima, ili da se ista tehnika može koristiti viÅ”e puta kako bi se postigao željeni učinak. U radu ćemo prikazati ovih sedam tehnika iz znanstvene perspektive, a primarni nam je cilj bolje razumjeti ove tehnike i inherentne rizike povezane s njima. Istražujući vjerojatne neželjene učinke ovih tehnika postaje jasno da sve ove tehnike za koje se tvrdi da su iznimno precizne sve imaju efekt promaÅ”aja mete s nepredvidivim posljedicama. Zapravo, tzv. preciznost vrlo je neprecizan pojam, te se ne smije mijeÅ”ati s predvidljivoŔću. Očekivani doprinos rada ide prema prepoznavanju i naglaÅ”avanju činjenice da nove tehnike genetičkog modificiranja koje su zaÅ”tićene patentima vode privatni interesi, te ne mogu biti rjeÅ”enje za budućnost poljoprivrede.Over the last years, there have been rapid developments in genetic engineering techniques (genetic modification), which allowed for an increase in the ability to make more profound and complex changes in the genetic makeup and metabolic pathways of living organisms. This has led to the emergence of two new fields of genetic engineering that overlap with each other: synthetic biology and, so called, New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBTs). There is currently a list of seven ā€œnewā€ genetic engineering techniques before the European Commission, which needs to decide whether the products of these techniques, when applied to plants, are covered by the EU laws on GMO. Potential application of GM techniques requires a strict application of precautionary principles and a need for systematic monitoring and evaluation at all stages in compliance with EU Directive 2001/18. Biotechnological industry claims that these are not GMO techniques according to current legal definition of GMOs, but rather that they are made using the techniques exempted from such coverage, or that the final product, even if genetic engineering was used at some point during its production, does not contain GM material and is therefore no longer a GMO. The European Commission is currently working on the legal interpretation, as are many lawyers from industry and civil society. It is important to be aware, both in terms of legal interpretation and of risks, that some of these techniques may also be used in combination with each other, or that the same technique may be used several times over in order to achieve the intended effect. This paper looks at these seven techniques from the scientific rather than the legal perspective, with the aim to better understand the techniques and inherent risks associated with them. Whilst examining the likely unintended effects it has become evident that all of the techniques claiming great precision are also found to have offtarget effects with unpredictable consequences. In fact, so called precision is actually a very imprecise notion and does not equate to predictability. The expected contribution of the paper goes toward recognizing and highlighting the fact that the new GM techniques are guided by private interests and protected by patents, and can not be a solution for the future of agriculture.WƤhrend der letzten Jahre hat die Gentechnik groƟe Fortschritte gemacht, die sich in einer grĆ¶ĆŸeren Mƶglichkeit eines tieferen und komplexeren Eigriffs ins genetische System und metabolische Wege von lebenden Organismen zeigen. Dies hat zur Entstehung von zwei neuen, sich gegenseitig Ć¼berlappenden Gebieten der Gentechnik gefĆ¼hrt: der synthetischen Biologie und einer Gruppe der Verfahren im Rahmen der Gentechnik, die euphemistisch Neue Techniken der Pflanzenveredelung (New plant breeding techniques ā€“ NPBT) genannt werden. Im Moment besteht eine Liste mit sieben ā€žneuenā€œ Verfahren der Gentechnik und die EuropƤische Kommission muss entscheiden, ob die GMO-Gesetze der EU diese Verfahren rechtfertigen. Eine mƶgliche Anwendung von Techniken der genetischen Modifizierung verlangt eine strenge Anwendung von Vorsichtsprinzipen und eine systematische Ɯberwachung und Bewertung in allen Phasen gemƤss Richtlinie 2001/18/EG ist nƶtig. Die biotehnologische Industrie behauptet, diese Techniken seien nicht die Techniken der genetischen Modifizierung im Sinne der jetzigen rechtlichen Definition von GMO und die Richtlinie 2001/18/EG sollte bei diesen Techniken eine AuƟnahme machen, weil das Endprodukt kein genetisch modifiziertes Material enthalte, auch wenn in einem Moment der Entwicklung die Gentechnik angewandt wurde. Die EuropƤische Kommission, sowie viele AnwƤlte aus der biotechnologischen Industrie und aus der Zivilgesellschaft sind gerade dabei, die Regelungsvorschriften rechtlich auszulegen. Hinsichtlich der Auslegung der rechtlichen Regelung und der Risiken ist es nƶtig zu betonen, dass man einige dieser Techniken mit anderen kombiniert anwenden kann, oder dass man die gleiche Technik mehrmals anwenden kann, um den gewĆ¼nschten Effekt zu erzielen. In der Arbeit stellen wir diese sieben Techniken aus der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive dar und unser primƤres Ziel ist es, diese Techniken und die mit ihnen gebundenen inhƤrenten Risiken besser zu verstehen. Wenn man die wahrscheinlich unerwĆ¼nschten Effekte dieser Techniken erforscht, wird es klar, dass alle diese Techniken, von denen behauptet wird, sie seien auƟerordentlich prƤzise, oft mit unabsehbaren Folgen das Ziel verfehlen. Eigentlich ist die sogenannte PrƤzision ein sehr unprƤziser Begriff und darf nicht mit der Voraussehbarkeit verwechselt werden. Der zu erwartende Beitrag dieser Arbeit zielt auf die Erkennung und Betonung der Tatsache hin, dass patentgeschĆ¼tzte neue Technologien der genetischen Modifizierung von privaten Interessen gefĆ¼hrt werden, und dass sie keine Lƶsung fĆ¼r die Zukunft der Landwirtschaft werden kƶnnen

    Primjenjivost meditativnih tehnika u obrazovnim ustanovama

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    The purpose of this paper is to explore different meditative techniques and their benefits and to open a discussion on the applicability of meditative techniques in educational institutions. Thus, the ability to apply meditative techniques to help develop self-control and regulation of emotions, as well as a form of prevention of problematic behavior in children. Upbringing begins in the family, and this is where the foundations for building a childā€™s personality are formed. The social community and the environment surrounding us contribute to what we will become. Different religions have their upbringing principles, and given the origin of meditation, we will explore the possibility of its application in spiritual upbringing. This paper will show some meditation techniques and their connection with emotions, how they can help children, as well as the positive aspects of applying meditative techniques in various dysfunctional behaviors. We will explore how and in what way meditation techniques are applied in the world and how and where the application of meditative techniques occurs in children in Croatia.Svrha je ovog rada istražiti različite meditativne tehnike i njihove dobrobiti, te otvoriti raspravu o primjenjivosti meditativnih tehnika u odgojno-obrazovnim ustanovama. Mogućnost primjene meditativnih tehnika kao pomoć pri razvijanju sposobnosti samokontrole i regulaciji emocija, kao i oblik prevencije problematičnog ponaÅ”anja kod djece. Odgoj započinje u obitelji i tu nastaju temelji za izgradnju djetetove ličnosti. DruÅ”tvena zajednica i okolina koja nas okružuje pridonose onome Å”to ćemo mi postati. Različite religije imaju svoja načela odgoja, a s obzirom na porijeklo meditacije istražiti ćemo mogućnost njene primjene u duhovnom odgoju. Prikazati ćemo nekoliko meditativnih tehnika i njihovu povezanost s emocijama, te na koji način mogu pomoći djeci, kao i pozitivne aspekte primjene meditativnih tehnika u različitim disfunkcionalnim ponaÅ”anjima. Na samom kraju sagledati ćemo kako i na koji način se primjenjuju meditativne tehnike u svijetu, te kakva je i gdje se javlja primjena meditativnih tehnika kod djece u Hrvatskoj
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