35 research outputs found
Kratki povijesni pregled bioetiÄkog aktivizma u Hrvatskoj ā kao poticaj za razvoj edukacijskog modela bioetiÄkog aktivizma
There has been a universal agreement in the last couple of decades that bioethics education at
all levels should be provided to citizens through the adoption of the Universal Declaration on
the Human Genome and Human Rights by the UNESCO General Conference in 1997 and
by the United Nations General Assembly in 1998. The work of bioethical educators in moral
and (bio)ethical values was applied to the issues raised by modern science and technology. The
process of learning is also recognized as being the result of complex interacting influences.
Teaching in a bioethical context must recognize these interconnections because of the
internal application to and impact on peoplesā lives. Furthermore, teaching in a bioethical
context needs to use pedagogies that engage students in participatory activities to enable the
development of multiple dimensions of knowledge. These dimensions include the scientific
content as well as the personal, social, and emotional aspects associated with any particular
bioethical issue. Therefore, it is crucial to highlight the importance of focusing on the
nature of the controversy, recognizing that opinions are based on particular worldviews and
critical reflection of personal views, as well as promoting open-mindedness or willingness to
accommodate new views and develop a new bioethical perspective on life. The paper presents
several examples of bioethical activism in Croatia that provided an impetus for teaching
students in bioethical activism at the Faculty of Education. I will mention an example of the
inclusion of the NGO Pobjede in a bioethical course on the subject of the ethical relation
to animals. An example of NGO Pobjede activity was a stimulating example of bioethical
activism for students.U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeÄa postoji univerzalni sporazum o tome da se obrazovanje o
bioetici na svim razinama treba pružiti graÄanima kroz usvajanje OpÄe deklaracije o ljudskom
genomu i ljudskim pravima izglasane na Generalnoj konferenciji UNESCO-a 1997. godine,
koju je potvrdila opÄa skupÅ”tina Ujedinjenih naroda 1998. Rad bioetiÄkih odgojitelja
u moralnim i (bio)etiÄkim vrijednostima primijenjen je na pitanja moderne znanosti i
tehnologije. Sam proces uÄenja takoÄer je prepoznat kao rezultat složenih interakcijskih
utjecaja razliÄitih perspektiva i dimenzija. BioetiÄko poduÄavanje nužno mora prepoznati ove
meÄusobne veze zbog inherentne primjene i utjecaja na živote ljudi. Nadalje, pouÄavanje
u bioetiÄkom kontekstu treba koristiti pedagogiju koja ukljuÄuje studente u participativne
aktivnosti kako bi se omoguÄio razvoj viÅ”estrukih dimenzija znanja. Te dimenzije ukljuÄuju
znanstveni sadržaj, kao i osobne, druŔtvene i emocionalne aspekte povezane s bilo kojim
odreÄenim bioetiÄkim pitanjem. Stoga je kljuÄno naglasiti važnost usredotoÄivanja na samu
narav kontroverznih bioetiÄkih problema, priznajuÄi da se miÅ”ljenja sudionika temelje
na odreÄenim svjetonazorima i kritiÄkoj refleksiji osobnih stavova, kao i na promicanju
otvorenosti i spremnosti da se studenti prilagode novim pogledima te razviju novu bioetiÄku
perspektivu prema životu. Zbog svega navedenog, na kolegiju bioetike koji držimo na
SveuÄiliÅ”tu u Osijeku nastojimo približiti bioetiÄke probleme studentima i izravno ih ukljuÄiti
u njihovo rjeÅ”avanje. U radu je predstavljeno nekoliko primjera iz bogate povijesti bioetiÄkog
aktivizma u Hrvatskoj koji su dali poticaj za poduÄavanje studenata bioetiÄkom aktivizmu na
Fakultetu za odgojne i obrazovne znanosti u Osijeku. Spomenut Äemo primjer ukljuÄivanja
nevladine organizacije Pobjeda u kolegij bioetike u sklopu teme moralni obzir prema neljudskim živim biÄima. KljuÄno je naglasiti da je jedan od glavnih ciljeva kolegija bioetike
potaknuti studente u aktivno ukljuÄivanje u socijalni i druÅ”tveni život svojih zajednica te
njihovo poticanje na ukljuÄivanje u rjeÅ”avanje bioetiÄkih problema
Care and Empathy as a Crucial Quality for Social Change
Suppose the contemporary man of the 21st century puts under control one of the most significant issues of humankind, like the shortage of food or hunger, epidemics of contagious diseases, and wars. Then remains the question which man first encountered at the dawn of the third millennium; it is a question of what to do with yourself. This question becomes extremely important if we consider biotechnology and information technologyās immense growing power. What to do with so much power? Nevertheless, the most obvious question is whether a man has become better and more moral, empathetic and caring than he was. What seems to concern contemporary man includes happiness, divinity, and ultimately his improvement as a moral agent and his immortality. We will try to answer these and many other questions through the paradigm of ethics of care, closely related to the question of empathy. The paper will discuss and highlight empathy and care as crucial means for social change. Therefore, the main aim of such ethics is to alleviate human suffering and anxiety and promote human well-being and happiness. Can care, compassion, and empathy ethics provide us with some answers and become a path to a more moral world
Odgovorno upravljanje poljoprivrednim zemljiŔtem
Tlo je prirodni resurs koji se troÅ”i velikom brzinom, prvenstveno zbog modernog naÄina poljoprivredne proizvodnje. O tome javnost ne zna dovoljno niti se o zaÅ”titi tla vodi adekvatna briga. Iako je tlo obnovljivi prirodni resurs, obnova tla odvija se tempom koji je viÅ”e puta sporiji od trenutne degradacije i gubljenja plodnosti tla. KrÄenjem Å”uma i pretvorbom Å”umskog tla u poljoprivredno tlo za uzgoj komercijalnih monokultura žitarica i uljarica, koje se tretiraju kemijskim sredstvima radi Å”to veÄih prinosa, poljoprivredno se tlo dovodi do stanja neodrživosti. Upravljati poljoprivrednim tlom znaÄi koristiti ga poput dobrog gospodara. Nekoliko je osnovnih naÄina za to: 1. Poticanje ekoloÅ”ke poljoprivrede, bez primjene agrokemikalija, uz raznolikost vrsta u uzgoju bilja i životinja, te proizvodnje hrane i prerade primarnih proizvoda na ekoloÅ”ki, gospodarski i druÅ”tveno opravdani proizvodno-tehnoloÅ”ki naÄin, uz ostavljanje najmanjeg moguÄeg ekoloÅ”kog otiska (engl. foodprint, footprint); 2. Primjena naÄela Nitratne direktive i dobre poljoprivredne prakse, odnosno zaÅ”tita i sprjeÄavanje zagaÄivanja podzemnih i pitkih voda nitratima, uzrokovano intenzivnom poljoprivredom, loÅ”om i nekontroliranom
gnojidbom i unoÅ”enjem prekomjerne koliÄine duÅ”ika; 3. SprjeÄavanje grabeži zemlje (engl. land grabbing), Å”to ukljuÄuje i prenamjenu poljoprivrednog zemljiÅ”ta u āindustrijsko-poslovne
zoneā; 4. Zabrana sjetve genetiÄki modificiranih usjeva i destimuliranje konvencionalne industrijski orijentirane monokulturne poljoprivrede; 5. Odgovoran odnos prema tlu graditi u skladu s naÄelima integrativne bioetike i etike zemlje Alda Leopolda
NASILJE KAO BIOETIÄKO PITANJE U SPORTU
In the past decades, sport has emerged as an essential factor in shaping culture
in many societies. Coupled with the pervasive presence of television and instant
reporting of events across the globe, sport has become the spotlight for all that
is common across cultures. Conversely, sport has also become a pivotal issue
when one examines values, priorities, ethics, lifestyle, and well-being in modern
societies. We are regularly exposed to the media outline of sport and violence in
sports; we forget that violence is often associated with sport in many invisible
ways. When we talk about violence and sport, we usually think primarily about
violence among players or violence among fans, completely ignoring many other
forms of violence associated with sport. In our reflection, we should bear in
mind that sport is merely a reflection of society. Taking this into account in our
presentation, we will show that there are multiple forms of violence around and in
sports. In the paper, we will use the definition and types of sport-related violence
by Kevin Young. Through the analysis of the types of sport-related violence, we
will determine how much sport-related violence is a bioethical issue. In this
paper, we will show that sports violence is not limited to the sports field alone,
but that it encompasses many spheres of life and society. The expected scientific
contribution of the paper is to point out the broad and comprehensive problem
of violence in and around sports. Only through accurate detection of all types of
violence in and around sports, it is possible to find a fundamental starting point
for trying to solve the problem of violence in and around sports.U proteklim desetljeÄima, sport se pojavio kao bitan faktor u oblikovanju
kulture u mnogim druŔtvima. Zajedno s sve prisutnijom televizijom i trenutnim
izvjeÅ”tavanjem o dogaÄajima diljem svijeta, sport je postao žariÅ”te svega Å”to je
zajedniÄko u kulturama. Istovremeno, sport je takoÄer postao srediÅ”nje pitanje
kada se ispituju vrijednosti, prioriteti, etika, stil života i blagostanje u modernim
druŔtvima. Redovito smo izloženi medijskim prikazima sporta i nasilja u sportu, pri
Äemu zaboravljamo da je nasilje sa sportom Äesto povezano na nevidljive naÄine.
Kada govorimo o nasilju i sportu, obiÄno se misli u prvom reda na nasilje meÄu
igraÄima ili na nasilje meÄu navijaÄima, pri Äemu u potpunosti zanemarujemo
mnoge druge oblike nasilja povezanih sa sportom. U svom razmiŔljanju trebali
bismo imati na umu da je sport samo odraz druÅ”tva. UzimajuÄi to u obzir u naÅ”oj
prezentaciji, pokazat Äemo da postoji viÅ”e oblika nasilja oko i u sportu. U radu
Äemo se poslužiti definicijom i podjelom na vrste nasilja povezanih sa sportom
autora Kevina Younga. Kroz analizu vrsta nasilja povezanih sa sportom utvrdit
Äemo koliko je ustvari nasilje povezano sa sportom bioetiÄko pitanje. U ovom
Äemo radu pokazati da se sportsko nasilje ne ograniÄava samo na sportski teren,
veÄ da obuhvaÄa mnoge sfere života i druÅ”tva. OÄekivani znanstveni doprinos
rada jest ukazati na Ŕiroko i sveobuhvatan problem nasilja u i oko sporta. Samo
kroz toÄno detektiranje svih vrsta nasilja u i oko sporta, moguÄe je naÄi temeljno
polaziŔte za pokuŔaj rjeŔavanja problema nasilja u i oko sporta
GMO 2.0: Neue Benennung ā altes Problem
Tijekom posljednjih godina doÅ”lo je do velikog napretka u tehnikama genetiÄkog inženjeringa, koji se oÄituje u veÄoj moguÄnosti dubljeg i složenijeg zahvata u genetski sastav i metaboliÄke putove živih organizama. To je dovelo do pojave dvaju novih podruÄja genetiÄkog inženjeringa koja se meÄusobno preklapaju: sintetiÄke biologije i skupa tehnika genetiÄkog inženjerstva koja se eufemistiÄki zovu Nove tehnike oplemenjivanja biljaka (engl. New plant breeding techniques ā NPBT). Trenutno postoji popis sedam ānovihā tehnika genetiÄkog inženjeringa pred Europskom komisijom, koja treba odluÄiti pokrivaju li zakoni EU o GMO-u proizvode tih tehnika. MoguÄa primjena tehnika genetiÄkog modificiranja zahtijeva strogu primjenu naÄela opreza i potrebno je sustavno praÄenje i evaluacija u svim fazama u skladu s EU Direktivom 2001/18. BiotehnoloÅ”ka industrija tvrdi da ove tehnike nisu tehnike genetiÄkog modificiranja u skladu s trenutnom pravnom definicijom GMO-a te da Direktiva 2001/18 treba izuzeti ove tehnike, buduÄi da konaÄni proizvod ne sadrži genetiÄki modificirani materijal, Äak i ako je u nekom trenutku razvoja i koriÅ”ten genetiÄki inženjering. Europska komisija trenutno radi na pravnom tumaÄenju propisa o reguliranju, kao i mnoge odvjetnici iz biotehnoloÅ”ke industrije i civilnog druÅ”tva. Potrebno je naglasiti, imajuÄi u vidu tumaÄenja pravne regulative i rizika, da se neke od tih tehnika mogu koristiti takoÄer u kombinaciji s drugima, ili da se ista tehnika može koristiti viÅ”e puta kako bi se postigao željeni uÄinak.
U radu Äemo prikazati ovih sedam tehnika iz znanstvene perspektive, a primarni nam je cilj bolje razumjeti ove tehnike i inherentne rizike povezane s njima. IstražujuÄi vjerojatne neželjene uÄinke ovih tehnika postaje jasno da sve ove tehnike za koje se tvrdi da su iznimno precizne sve imaju efekt promaÅ”aja mete s nepredvidivim posljedicama. Zapravo, tzv. preciznost vrlo je neprecizan pojam, te se ne smije mijeÅ”ati s predvidljivoÅ”Äu. OÄekivani doprinos rada ide prema prepoznavanju i naglaÅ”avanju Äinjenice da nove tehnike genetiÄkog modificiranja koje su zaÅ”tiÄene patentima vode privatni interesi, te ne mogu biti rjeÅ”enje za buduÄnost poljoprivrede.Over the last years, there have been rapid developments in genetic engineering techniques (genetic modification), which allowed for an increase in the ability to make more profound and complex changes in the genetic makeup and metabolic pathways of living organisms. This has led to the emergence of two new fields of genetic engineering that overlap with each other: synthetic biology and, so called, New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBTs). There is currently a list of seven ānewā genetic engineering techniques before the European Commission, which needs to decide whether the products of these techniques, when applied to plants, are covered by the EU laws on GMO. Potential application of GM techniques requires a strict application of precautionary principles and a need for systematic monitoring and evaluation at all stages in compliance with EU Directive 2001/18. Biotechnological industry claims that these are not GMO techniques according to current legal definition of GMOs, but rather that they are made using the techniques exempted from such coverage, or that the final product, even if genetic engineering was used at some point during its production, does not contain GM material and is therefore no longer a GMO. The European Commission is currently working on the legal interpretation, as are many lawyers from industry and civil society. It is important to be aware, both in terms of legal interpretation and of risks, that some of these techniques may also be used in combination with each other, or that the same technique may be used several times over in order to achieve the intended effect.
This paper looks at these seven techniques from the scientific rather than the legal perspective, with the aim to better understand the techniques and inherent risks associated with them. Whilst examining the likely unintended effects it has become evident that all of the techniques claiming great precision are also found to have offtarget effects with unpredictable consequences. In fact, so called precision is actually a very imprecise notion and does not equate to predictability. The expected contribution of the paper goes toward recognizing and highlighting the fact that the new GM techniques are guided by private interests and protected by patents, and can not be a solution for the future of agriculture.WƤhrend der letzten Jahre hat die Gentechnik groĆe Fortschritte gemacht, die sich in einer grƶĆeren Mƶglichkeit eines tieferen und komplexeren Eigriffs ins genetische System und metabolische Wege von lebenden Organismen zeigen. Dies hat zur Entstehung von zwei neuen, sich gegenseitig Ć¼berlappenden Gebieten der Gentechnik gefĆ¼hrt: der synthetischen Biologie und einer Gruppe der Verfahren im Rahmen der Gentechnik, die euphemistisch Neue Techniken der Pflanzenveredelung (New plant breeding techniques ā NPBT) genannt werden. Im Moment besteht eine Liste mit sieben āneuenā Verfahren der Gentechnik und die EuropƤische Kommission muss entscheiden, ob die GMO-Gesetze der EU diese Verfahren rechtfertigen. Eine mƶgliche Anwendung von Techniken der genetischen Modifizierung verlangt eine strenge Anwendung von Vorsichtsprinzipen und eine systematische Ćberwachung und Bewertung in allen Phasen gemƤss Richtlinie 2001/18/EG ist nƶtig. Die biotehnologische Industrie behauptet, diese Techniken seien nicht die Techniken der genetischen Modifizierung im Sinne der jetzigen rechtlichen Definition von GMO und die Richtlinie 2001/18/EG sollte bei diesen Techniken eine AuĆnahme machen, weil das Endprodukt kein genetisch modifiziertes Material enthalte, auch wenn in einem Moment der Entwicklung die Gentechnik angewandt wurde. Die EuropƤische Kommission, sowie viele AnwƤlte aus der biotechnologischen Industrie und aus der Zivilgesellschaft sind gerade dabei, die Regelungsvorschriften rechtlich auszulegen. Hinsichtlich der Auslegung der rechtlichen Regelung und der Risiken ist es nƶtig zu betonen, dass man einige dieser Techniken mit anderen kombiniert anwenden kann, oder dass man die gleiche Technik mehrmals anwenden kann, um den gewĆ¼nschten Effekt zu erzielen.
In der Arbeit stellen wir diese sieben Techniken aus der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive dar und unser primƤres Ziel ist es, diese Techniken und die mit ihnen gebundenen inhƤrenten Risiken besser zu verstehen. Wenn man die wahrscheinlich unerwĆ¼nschten Effekte dieser Techniken erforscht, wird es klar, dass alle diese Techniken, von denen behauptet wird, sie seien auĆerordentlich prƤzise, oft mit unabsehbaren Folgen das Ziel verfehlen. Eigentlich ist die sogenannte PrƤzision ein sehr unprƤziser Begriff und darf nicht mit der Voraussehbarkeit verwechselt werden. Der zu erwartende Beitrag dieser Arbeit zielt auf die Erkennung und Betonung der Tatsache hin, dass patentgeschĆ¼tzte neue Technologien der genetischen Modifizierung von privaten Interessen gefĆ¼hrt werden, und dass sie keine Lƶsung fĆ¼r die Zukunft der Landwirtschaft werden kƶnnen
Primjenjivost meditativnih tehnika u obrazovnim ustanovama
The purpose of this paper is to explore different meditative techniques and their benefits and to open a discussion on the applicability of meditative techniques in educational institutions. Thus, the ability to apply meditative techniques to help develop self-control and regulation of emotions, as well as a form of prevention of problematic behavior in children. Upbringing begins in the family, and this is where the foundations for building a childās personality are formed. The social community and the environment surrounding us contribute to what we will become. Different religions have their upbringing principles, and given the origin of meditation, we will explore the possibility of its application in spiritual upbringing. This paper will show some meditation techniques and their connection with emotions, how they can help children, as well as the positive aspects of applying meditative techniques in various dysfunctional behaviors. We will explore how and in what way meditation techniques are applied in the world and how and where the application of meditative techniques occurs in children in Croatia.Svrha je ovog rada istražiti razliÄite meditativne tehnike i njihove dobrobiti, te otvoriti raspravu o primjenjivosti meditativnih tehnika u odgojno-obrazovnim ustanovama. MoguÄnost primjene meditativnih tehnika kao pomoÄ pri razvijanju sposobnosti samokontrole i regulaciji emocija, kao i oblik prevencije problematiÄnog ponaÅ”anja kod djece. Odgoj zapoÄinje u obitelji i tu nastaju temelji za izgradnju djetetove liÄnosti. DruÅ”tvena zajednica i okolina koja nas okružuje pridonose onome Å”to Äemo mi postati. RazliÄite religije imaju svoja naÄela odgoja, a s obzirom na porijeklo meditacije istražiti Äemo moguÄnost njene primjene u duhovnom odgoju. Prikazati Äemo nekoliko meditativnih tehnika i njihovu povezanost s emocijama, te na koji naÄin mogu pomoÄi djeci, kao i pozitivne aspekte primjene meditativnih tehnika u razliÄitim disfunkcionalnim ponaÅ”anjima. Na samom kraju sagledati Äemo kako i na koji naÄin se primjenjuju meditativne tehnike u svijetu, te kakva je i gdje se javlja primjena meditativnih tehnika kod djece u Hrvatskoj