Identification of Novel miRNAs and miRNA Expression Profiling in Wheat Hybrid Necrosis

<div><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in a vast array of biological processes, including growth and development, defense against viral infection, and responses to environmental changes in plant. Wheat hybrid necrosis is an interesting genetic phenomenon observed frequency and it is lethal or semi lethal, resulting in gradual death or loss of productivity. However, the molecular basis and mechanisms associated with hybrid necrosis in wheat are still not well understood. Here, we report the population and expression profiles of miRNAs in wheat hybrid necrosis. We identified a total of 57 conserved miRNA families as well as 182 putative novel miRNAs. Expression profiling revealed that expression of 49 known miRNAs and 165 novel miRNAs was changed in hybrid necrosis. And the expression levels of some miRNAs and their predicated targets have been confirmed by qRT-PCR. These results indicate that these miRNAs, especially miR159, miR166, miR167 and miR5072 could be involved in the extensive regulation of gene expression in response to hybrid necrosis.</p></div

The expression levels of miR159, miR165/166, miR167 and miR5072.

<p>The expression levels were assayed by qRT-PCR. Bars show standard error.</p

Distribution of miRNAs expression.

<p>Different expression of known miRNAs (A) and novel miRNAs (B) from F₁ hybrids and their parents (N8 and II469).</p

Size distribution of small RNA (sRNA) sequences from wheat.

<p>(A) Small RNAs from F₁ hybrids. (B) Small RNAs from N8 and II469.</p

Distribution of small RNAs among different categories.

<p>(A) Total small RNAs from the libraries of F₁ hybrids and their parents (N8 and II469). (B) Small RNAs from F₁ hybrids. (C) Small RNAs from N8 and II469.</p

New Triterpenoid Saponins from Green Vegetable Soya Beans and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Ten compounds were isolated and identified from green vegetable soya beans, of which five are new triterpenoid saponins (<b>1</b>–<b>5</b>) and five are known compounds (<b>6</b>–<b>10</b>). The chemical structures of the five triterpenoid saponins (<b>1</b>–<b>5</b>) were elucidated to be 3<i>β,</i>24-dihydroxy-22β,30-epoxy-30-oxoolean-12-en 3-<i>O</i>-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside, <b>1</b>; 3<i>β,</i>24-dihydroxy-22β,30-epoxy-30-oxoolean-12-en 3-<i>O</i>-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-(3″-<i>O</i>-formyl)-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside, <b>2</b>; 22-keto-3β,24-dihydroxy oleanane-12-ene 3-<i>O</i>-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-(3″-<i>O</i>-formyl)-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside, <b>3</b>; 3β,22β,24-trihydroxy oxyolean-18(19)-ene-29-acid 3-<i>O</i>-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside, <b>4</b>; and punicanolic acid 3-<i>O</i>-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside, <b>5</b> from the spectroscopic data (IR, GTC/FID, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR). The nitric oxide release inhibitions of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>10</b> in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were evaluated, and the data suggested that compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>5</b> might possess moderate anti-inflammatory activities, with IC₅₀ values of 18.8, 16.1, and 13.2 μM, respectively