Diversity statistics of microsatellite loci used to type northern red oak seed orchard parents and offspring.

<p>Diversity statistics of microsatellite loci used to type northern red oak seed orchard parents and offspring.</p

Number and percent of northern red oak progeny test offspring from grafted seed orchard maternal clones in early (E), intermediate (M), late (L), and unknown (u) phenological classes by paternal phenological class.

<p>Number and percent of northern red oak progeny test offspring from grafted seed orchard maternal clones in early (E), intermediate (M), late (L), and unknown (u) phenological classes by paternal phenological class.</p

Regression of number of offspring sired on number of female mates for 99 northern red oak clones serving as male parents in a grafted northern red oak seed orchard in Indiana, USA.

<p>Saturation of symbols denotes the number of observations for that coordinate pair: light gray = 1 to 5; dark gray = 6 to 19; black = 20+.</p

Proportions of half-sibs and full-sibs in five open-pollinated (OP) families established from a clonal northern red oak seed orchard in 2007 (left) and 2008 (right).

<p>Average genetic correlation between offspring pair <i>ij</i> (<i>GC</i>_ij) was calculated for each family and is presented above each bar. Families are ordered from left to right by phenological rank. Average size of 2007 OP family: 18.8±1.46; range: 15 to 23 offspring; average size of 2008 OP family: 20.9±1.36; range: 15 to 27 offspring.</p

Analysis of variance in female sampling rate measured as number of male parents in the offspring pool of ten grafted northern red oak seed orchard clones in Indiana, USA.

<p>Analysis of variance in female sampling rate measured as number of male parents in the offspring pool of ten grafted northern red oak seed orchard clones in Indiana, USA.</p

Ranked frequency distribution and null-expectation (broken line) male reproductive success in a clonal northern red oak seed orchard in Indiana, USA.

<p>Reproductive success for years 2007 (left, 1.69 expected) and 2008 (right, 3.05 expected) based on paternity analysis of 336 progeny test offspring.</p

Least squares means for sources of variation in female sampling rate in a northern red oak seed orchard clonal seed orchard in Indiana, USA.

<p>Least squares means for sources of variation in female sampling rate in a northern red oak seed orchard clonal seed orchard in Indiana, USA.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Signatures of Selection in the Genomes of Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume): The Roots of Nut Tree Domestication.XLSX

<p>Chestnuts (Castanea) are major nut crops in East Asia and southern Europe, and are unique among temperate nut crops in that the harvested seeds are starchy rather than oily. Chestnut species have been cultivated for three millennia or more in China, so it is likely that artificial selection has affected the genome of orchard-grown chestnuts. The genetics of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) domestication are also of interest to breeders of hybrid American chestnut, especially if the low-growing, branching habit of Chinese chestnut, an impediment to American chestnut restoration, is partly the result of artificial selection. We resequenced genomes of wild and orchard-derived Chinese chestnuts and identified selective sweeps based on pooled whole-genome SNP datasets. We present candidate gene loci for chestnut domestication and discuss the potential phenotypic effects of candidate loci, some of which may be useful genes for chestnut improvement in Asia and North America. Selective sweeps included predicted genes potentially related to flower phenology and development, fruit maturation, and secondary metabolism, and included some genes homologous to domestication candidates in other woody plants.</p