The Effect of Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) Policies on Sports Gambling

ABSTRACT Issues surrounding the amateur status of college athletes and the restrictions on receiving revenue beyond educational expenses are among the most widely discussed topics in public policy. Known as name, image and likeness (NIL), these three elements contrive a legal concept known as “right of publicity.” Economists have long recognized college athletics as an industry where individual institutions enjoy substantial monopsony power with defined restrictions on cash and related benefits to players. Although individual players continue to be very limited in receiving cash or in-kind benefits, athletic department revenues continue to rise at a rapid rate. The sheer size and growth rates of these athletic revenues, with many exceeding $200 million, have increased media attention to these monopsony-related issues. These increasing revenues have also provided a sense that the market value of individual players can be substantial, which has led current and former players to voice their concern for more revenue sharing. According to the American Gaming Association, 30 states plus the District of Columbia now legally accept these sports-related wagers. This research study will focus on the effects of NIL policies on revenue streams of sports gambling and the overall gaming industry in the United States. Implications Statement A precise methodology leading to calculation of the true market value of individual college players remains evasive. Bolstered by recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions such as Murphy v. NCAA and NCAA v. Alston, federal and state-based legislation has expanded the number of states accepting legal sports wagers

Gambling or Skill: Taxation Issues Surrounding the Daily Fantasy Sports Industry

With a waxing interest in sporting events, participants are increasingly supplementing passive viewing with a more active role. Fantasy sports leagues have burgeoned as a result, with corresponding increases in live game attendance and media consumption across platforms. Fantasy bettors seek financial gain through the ability of athletes and the likelihood of their team performing well in a sporting event. A major legislative concern within this industry is whether these activities are considered gambling, with its related stigma, or otherwise just a type of sporting activity. More importantly, gambling has a long history as a major source of tax revenue within its lineage. This paper examines these current public policy and taxation issues that will shape the future landscape of fantasy sports. Various legislation has defined type and scope of betting that have been gradually modified to permit a larger role for individual states to develop policies. A majority of states have adopted tests that apply the degree of chance versus skill in a contest. As of 2020, sports betting has been declared legal and is presently providing tax revenue in 23 states plus Washington, D.C. Higher levels of chance are generally deemed an illegal activity, using the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as a basis. Recent IRS opinions (July 2020) find that daily fantasy sports operators are liable for two federal excise taxes and must identify themselves by registering as a business accepting wagers. Lower gaming taxes are associated with a proliferation of legal sports betting. For this paper each of the following three properties must be present to be considered gambling: consideration, prize, and chance. States have authority in defining gambling activities, with Congress regulating commerce among states. Substantial opportunity exists in taxing online betting as a source of revenue or placing excise taxes on gambling as a method to control consumer 3 behavior. To the extent that federal and state governments continue debating legalized betting activities and the related taxes generated, consumer protection must focus on continued legitimacy of the environment and address addiction risk as a basis for further growth

Cultural impact of international financial reporting standards on the comparability of financial statements

Due to globalization and expanding international business, it has become necessary for companies in various countries to communicate through a universal language of accounting. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed and issued to serve as a uniform set of accounting standards. A proposed advantage of global implementation is the improved comparability of financial statements. However, due to variations among cultures, it is unrealistic for a single set of standards to be accepted and implemented in a wholly uniform manner to produce innately comparable financial statements. Because of cultural differences, there are varying degrees of IFRS acceptance: some countries adopt the full set of IFRS, while others only accept certain standards. The application of the standards in various countries could adversely impact the comparability of financial statements. Hofstede\u27s cultural dimensions aid in understanding the differences among cultures, the impact this can have on financial reporting, and therefore the comparability of financial statements prepared using IFRS. Through a series of independent t-test analyses, this study finds that two of Hofstede\u27s cultural dimensions--power distance and individualism--are found to be significant, suggesting that these values influence a country\u27s acceptance of IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc. and Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement: Effects on State Sales Tax Collections

In South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court reversed precedent cases addressing collection standards and regulations for sales taxes. These two precedent cases held that an out-of-state retailer\u27s liability to collect and remit sales tax to the consumer\u27s respective state was contingent on whether the seller had a physical nexus in that state. Additionally, a collaboration among states led to the creation of the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA), which offered voluntary guidelines and policies to assist states in not only modernizing but maximizing sales tax collection amounts. This research paper utilizes quantitative analyses to examine the effects of South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc. and the SSUTA upon state sales tax collection amounts

The State and medical care in Britain: political processes and the structuring of the National Health Service

The electronic file was amended in August 2018 to correct the placement of one chapter that had appeared in the wrong order.The creation of the National Health Service is treated, analytically and historically, as a planning process involving major changes in the social organisation of health as a part of the larger set of social and economic reconstruction policies undertaken by the wartime Coalition and postwar Labour governments. Definitions of 'health' are considered as relative both to social expectations and ideology, and to theoretical models of the organisation of health services. These models are identified with certain socio-political agents or interests in the providing and consuming of health services: professional groups, public and private authorities, non-professional workers, and the public. The models of the health service advocates and of the medical profession are considered as reference points. A framework is presented for the analysis of the representation of these interests, by the state, in the planning and operation of the NHS, and as beneficiaries of its services. Through a detailed historical consideration of internal health service planning documents of the major interests, including the medical profession, the health service advocates representing the Labour party and trade unions, and recently released documents of the Ministry of Health and the Coalition and Labour Cabinets, the interaction of the interests with the two governments and with each other is traced, and the reconciliation by the state of the health service models proposed by them is analysed. It is argued that the changes wrought in the social organisation of health in Britain can be described according to certain principles of the organisation of pre- and post-NHS health services: principles of public access, structure of services, structure of administrative control and structure of planning representation. Tne major interests were represented differentially by the state with respect to each of these criteria; similarities and differences between the approaches of the two governments to the representation of interests are examined, and it is concluded that, although the health service advocates and the public benefited from a free and universal scheme, the public and non-professional health workers enjoyed considerably less representation than the medical profession in the particular services provided by the NHS and in its planning and administration

Stage-Specific and Interactive Effects of Sedimentation and Trout on a Headwater Stream Salamander

In species with complex life cycles, stage-specific effects of environmental conditions combine with factors regulating stage-specific recruitment to determine population-level response to habitat disturbance. The abundance of the stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus(Plethodontidae) is negatively related to both logging-associated sedimentation and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in headwater streams throughout New Hampshire, USA. To understand the mechanisms underlying these patterns, we investigated stage-specific and interactive effects of sedimentation and brook trout on G. porphyriticus. We conducted quantitative surveys of salamanders, brook trout, and substrate embeddedness in 15 first-order streams and used a controlled experiment to test the direct and interactive effects of these factors on larval growth and survival. G. porphyriticus larvae and adults had opposite patterns of response to sediment and brook trout. Multiple regression analysis of our survey data indicated that abundance of larvae was negatively related to brook trout abundance, but unrelated to substrate embeddedness. In contrast, abundance of adults was primarily related to substrate embeddedness. Consistent with the field pattern of larval abundance, brook trout had a negative effect on growth and survival of larvae in the experiment. However, there was no effect of sediment and no interaction between brook trout and sediment. Larval and adult abundances were not significantly correlated in the study streams, indicative of the independent effects of sedimentation and brook trout on G. porphyriticus populations. These results suggest that adult resistance to fish may facilitate G. porphyriticus coexistence with brook trout, and that larval resistance to sedimentation can buffer populations from extinction in fishless streams impacted by logging. In streams with brook trout, where larval abundances are low, reductions in adult abundance caused by logging impacts may pose a risk to species persistence. Our findings underscore the value of information on species life history, demography, and community ecology in assessing sensitivity to anthropogenic perturbation

The effect of adding comorbidities to current centers for disease control and prevention central-line–associated bloodstream infection risk-adjustment methodology

BACKGROUNDRisk adjustment is needed to fairly compare central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates between hospitals. Until 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) methodology adjusted CLABSI rates only by type of intensive care unit (ICU). The 2017 CDC models also adjust for hospital size and medical school affiliation. We hypothesized that risk adjustment would be improved by including patient demographics and comorbidities from electronically available hospital discharge codes.METHODSUsing a cohort design across 22 hospitals, we analyzed data from ICU patients admitted between January 2012 and December 2013. Demographics and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) discharge codes were obtained for each patient, and CLABSIs were identified by trained infection preventionists. Models adjusting only for ICU type and for ICU type plus patient case mix were built and compared using discrimination and standardized infection ratio (SIR). Hospitals were ranked by SIR for each model to examine and compare the changes in rank.RESULTSOverall, 85,849 ICU patients were analyzed and 162 (0.2%) developed CLABSI. The significant variables added to the ICU model were coagulopathy, paralysis, renal failure, malnutrition, and age. The C statistics were 0.55 (95% CI, 0.51–0.59) for the ICU-type model and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.60–0.69) for the ICU-type plus patient case-mix model. When the hospitals were ranked by adjusted SIRs, 10 hospitals (45%) changed rank when comorbidity was added to the ICU-type model.CONCLUSIONSOur risk-adjustment model for CLABSI using electronically available comorbidities demonstrated better discrimination than did the CDC model. The CDC should strongly consider comorbidity-based risk adjustment to more accurately compare CLABSI rates across hospitals.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1019–1024</jats:sec

Using financial statement variables to predict stock prices: Lessons from the 2007-2009 financial crisis

This analysis considers balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow account ratios in measuring the impact of the 2007-2009 financial crisis on the stock prices of American companies. Fourteen companies that trade on S & P 500 were selected for the model and data gathered for the ten years of the analysis, 2004-2013. Results indicate a mixed relationship on the predictive power of financial statement analysis on stock prices before and after the financial crisis. Size of the company and sales were both strong predictors. Liquidity has a small impact through net working capital, but the post intervention counter variable suggests that the general trend in stock was higher after the crisis. The model concludes that the existing predictive ability holds for the financial statement variables analyzed, and finds that changes in account variables did not foretell stock price correction nor concurrently signal directional price movement as a result of the crisis