Current induced simulated AP and ionic currents.

<p>(A) Simulated AP. (B) Total inward current (dotted line), L- type Ca²⁺ channel current (dashed line) and T- type Ca²⁺ channel current (solid line). (C) Total outward current (dotted line), BK channel current (dashed line) and Kv1 channel current (solid line) (D) Outward current KCNQ channel current (dotted line), SK channel current (solid line) and IK channel current (dashed line).</p

Effects of reducing (50%) conductance SK type K⁺ channels on the whole cell AP.

<p><b>(</b>A) Synaptic input induced AP (solid line), SK type K⁺ channels blocked AP (dashed line). (B) Total outward current for whole cell AP (solid line), SK type K⁺ channels blocked outward current (dashed line).</p

DSM I_BK and I_IK model.

<p>(A) DSM cell I_BK model. Fig 4A represents the normalized simulated current-voltage curve (solid line), where experimental data from murine DSM cell [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200712#pone.0200712.ref080" target="_blank">80</a>] are superimposed in filled square. Fig 4B represents the effects of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration on shifting the current-voltage curve. The [Ca²⁺]_i is varied from the control value of 0.0001 mM (solid line) to 0.00001 mM (dashed line) and 0.001 mM (dot and dash line). (C) The solid line represents the normalized simulated I_IK current-voltage curve, where experimental data from mouse intestinal cell [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200712#pone.0200712.ref081" target="_blank">81</a>] are superimposed in filled triangle. (D) It represents open probability of α-subunits with respect to varying [Ca²⁺]_i in I_IK model.</p

A biophysically constrained computational model of the action potential of mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle - Fig 11

<p><b>Comparison of experimental & simulated spike-type APs of two different shapes produced by synaptic input with varying changes of conductance parameters (A and B). (</b>A) Conductances of 0.006 μS (B) Conductances of 0.02 μS. AP in (A) generates AHP while AP in (B) generates the prominent ADP. (C) APs produced by our model which corresponds to each of the experimental signals tabulated.</p

DSM I_SK and K_ATP model.

<p>(A) The normalized I_SK current with respect to Apamin in I_SK model. (B) The solid line represents the normalized simulated I_SK current-voltage curve, where experimental data from murine DSM cell [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200712#pone.0200712.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>] are superimposed (filled triangle). (C) The ATP dependent steady state activation parameter for K_ATP channel model. (D) The normalized K_ATP current-voltage relationship curve. The solid line represents result from our simulation where filled triangles are superimposed data from experiment [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200712#pone.0200712.ref090" target="_blank">90</a>].</p

Real-Time Stochastic Detection of Multiple Neurotransmitters with a Protein Nanopore

The detection of several different neurotransmitters with the same sensor in real-time would be a powerful asset to the field of neurochemistry. We have developed a detector for a broad range of neurotransmitters including amino acids, catecholamines, and nucleotides, which relies on the reversible binding of the analytes to a copper(II) complex within an engineered protein nanopore

Synaptic input induced simulated AP and ionic currents.

<p><b>(</b>A) Simulated AP. The superimposed filled circles represent data from experimental recordings (B) Total inward current (dotted line), L- type Ca²⁺ channel current (dashed line) and T- type Ca²⁺ channel current (solid line). (C) Total outward current (dotted line), BK channel current (dashed line) and Kv1 channel current (solid line) (D) KCNQ channel current (dotted line), SK channel current (solid line) and IK channel current (dashed line).</p

Comparison of spike type AP of mouse DSM cell: Experimental observation and model values.

<p>Comparison of spike type AP of mouse DSM cell: Experimental observation and model values.</p

Simulated SDs with rapid rising phase and slower falling phase.

<p>(A) The solid line represents the simulated SD after setting the maximum conductance to 0.01 μS. The experimental data (dotted line) are plotted against the simulated one (solid line). (B) SDs with varying maximum conductance: 0.01 μS (thick solid line), 0.006 μS (long dashed line) and 0.004 μS (short dashed line).</p

Detrusor I_Kv1 and I_Kv7 (KCNQ) model.

<p>(A) Inactivation of I_Kv1 is illustrated in whole-cell currents elicited by 15s depolarizing pulses from a holding potential of ─80 mV to potentials between ─120 and +10 mV. (B) Normalized I_Kv1 current- voltage curve (solid line from simulation and experimental data in filled triangle from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200712#pone.0200712.ref061" target="_blank">61</a>] of I_Kv1. (C) I_Kv7 (KCNQ) whole-cell currents elicited by 500 ms depolarizing pulses from a holding potential of ─80 mV to potentials between ─80 and +40 mV. (D) Normalized I_Kv7 current- voltage curve (solid line from simulation and experimental data in filled triangle from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200712#pone.0200712.ref064" target="_blank">64</a>]).</p