地方自治体の業務継続計画に関する空間分析：日本の事例

This study empirically investigates the determinants of the development of municipal business continuity planning (BCP) in Japan. The remarkable feature of our empirical analysis is the in-depth examination of the existence of policy diffusion in crisis management and the spatial characteristics of trends in developing municipal BCP, covering Japanese municipalities. The results of a spatial probit model show the existence of prefecture-level heterogeneity in municipal BCP development, and spatial dependence in the BCP development status among municipalities which is not completely explained by the heterogeneity. The later particularly might imply the existence of the policy diffusion due to the reliance on the precedent in other governments and the necessity of cross-jurisdictional policymaking with the view of efficient and seamless actions against emergencies.この研究では，日本の地方自治体による業務継続計画（business continuity planning; BCP）の策定傾向を実証的に検証する．本研究の特徴は，日本国内の殆どの市区町村を対象として，危機管理制度における政策波及や，BCP策定有無の空間的特性を詳細に検証することである．空間プロビットモデルによる実証分析の結果，BCP策定傾向には都道府県レベルでの異質性があること，それら異質性で説明されない，市区町村間での空間従属性があることが示された．特に後者の結果は，他自治体による前例の踏襲や，自治体間連携に基づくBCP策定等，空間的な政策波及の存在を示唆しうる

反復的な督励が口頭指導下の心肺蘇生法に与える効果に関する無作為化シミュレーション研究

Background: Current guidelines emphasize the assistance of the emergency dispatcher in bystander cardiopulmonary resusitation (CPR). Its quality, however, has varied across cases. Objective: To determine the effect of repetitive coaching by dispatchers using verbal encouragement on the quality of lay-rescuer CPR. Methods: We conducted a dispatch-assisted CPR (DACPR) simulation study. Participants with no CPR training within the previous year were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 DACPR simulations. One was the No Coaching Group: callers were told to perform CPR and the dispatcher periodically confirmed that the caller was performing CPR. The second group was the Coaching Group: the dispatcher repetitively coached, encouraged, and counted aloud using a metronome. Participants performed CPR for 2 min under instruction from the study dispatcher. Parameters including chest compression depth, rate, and chest compression fraction were recorded by video camera and CPR manikin. Results: Forty-nine participants 20 to 50 years of age were recruited, and 48 completed the simulation (Coaching Group, n = 27; No Coaching Group, n = 21). The chest compression fraction was higher in the Coaching Group (99.4% vs. 93.0%, p = 0.005) and no participants interrupted chest compression more than 10 s in this group. When comparing the average depth of each 30-s period in each group, the depth increased over time in the Coaching Group (40.9 mm, 43.9 mm, 44.1 mm, and 42.8 mm), while it slightly decreased in the No Coaching Group (40.6 mm, 40.1 mm, 39.4 mm, and 39.8 mm). Conclusions: Repetitive verbal encouragements augmented chest compression depth with less-hands off time. Continuous coaching by dispatchers can optimize lay-rescuer CPR.博士（医学）・甲第852号・令和4年9月28日© 2022 Elsevier Inc.© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Efficient Optical Modulation of Terahertz Transmission in Organic and Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid System for Printed Terahertz Electronics and Photonics

Highly efficient optical modulation of terahertz (THz) transmission through Si substrate coated with thin layer of organic π-conjugated materials was investigated under various laser light irradiation conditions using THz time-domain spectroscopy. As in the pioneering work by Yoo et al. [Yoo et al., Applied Physics Letters. 2013;103:151116-1–151116-3.], we also used copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). It was perceived that the charge carrier transfer from Si to CuPc is crucial for the photo-induced metallization and efficient optical modulation of THz transmission. We found that the thickness of CuPc layer is a critical parameter to realize high charge carrier density for efficient THz transmission modulation. We also fabricated a split-ring resonator (SRR) array metamaterial on CuPc-coated Si utilizing superfine inkjet printer and succeeded in obtaining efficient modulation of resonant responses of SRR array metamaterials by laser light irradiation. We have further investigated THz transmission modulation through Si substrates coated with another four solution-processable π-conjugated materials. Two of them are π-conjugated low molecules such as the [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene), and another two are the π-conjugated polymer materials such as poly[5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2-methoxycyanoterephthalyliden] (MEH-CN-PPV) and poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL). Among these four π-conjugated materials, PCBM- and TIPS-pentacene showed better modulation efficiencies even higher than CuPc. Our findings may open the way to fabricating various types of THz active devices utilizing printing technologies

Trichlorido{2-dimeth­oxy­methyl-4-methyl-6-[(quinolin-8-yl)imino­meth­yl]phenolato-κ3 N,N′,O 1}tin(IV)

In the title compound, [Sn(C20H19N2O3)Cl3], the SnIV ion is surrounded by a tridentate monoanionic Schiff base and by three meridional chloride ions in a six-coordinated distorted octa­hedral geometry. The Sn—Cl bond [2.366 (2) Å] trans to nitro­gen is shorter than the others [2.438 (2) and 2.414 (2) Å]. The N—Sn—N angle [76.19 (11)°] is smaller than the O—Sn—N angle [87.89 (10)°] in the Schiff base ligand. No classical inter­molecular hydrogen-bonding inter­actions are observed. The crystal packing exhibits π–π stacking inter­actions, with a distance of 3.595 (2) Å between the centroids of the phenolate ring and the benzene ring of the quinoline group of inversion-related mol­ecules

Symptom dynamics among nightmare sufferers: An intensive longitudinal study

Nightmares are considerably prevalent in the general population and are known to be closely associated with a variety of mental disorders. However, not much is known about the immediate antecedents and consequences of nightmares. Therefore, we used intensive longitudinal assessments to investigate the night-to-night within-person associations between nightmares on the one hand and fear of sleep, somatic as well as cognitive pre-sleep arousal, and sleep quality on the other hand. Young women with regular nightmares (n = 16) maintained a sleep diary for around 30 days;upon awaking, the participants reported on nightmares and sleep quality during the past night as well as the pre-sleep levels of arousal and fear of sleep (which resulted in 461 observations). Participants also wore an actigraph, which provided objective sleep parameters. Multilevel modeling showed that higher levels of fear of sleep and lower subjective sleep quality were significantly associated with higher levels of nightmare distress. Furthermore, we found individual differences in the strength of these associations, which implies that factors proximate to nightmares may vary across individuals. Pre-sleep arousal, however, did not show expected within-person associations with nightmares or fear of sleep. These findings highlight the crucial role of fear of sleep in the etiology of nightmares and sleep disturbances, while pointing to the importance of pursuing individual, personalised models that explain heterogeneity in the process of triggering nightmares

Insomnia‐related interpretational bias is associated with pre‐sleep worry

Cognitive models of insomnia highlight the role of biased cognition in sleep‐related information, which is proposed to underlie pre‐sleep worry, which in turn results in both subjective and objective sleep deficits. To test this hypothesis, the current study investigated interpretational bias, which is a tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli in a threat‐related (here: insomnia‐related) manner. We specifically hypothesized that interpretational bias would be associated with (a) pre‐sleep worry and (b) poor subjective and objective sleep. Interpretational bias was measured using the ambiguous scenario task, in which participants (n = 76, community sample) were presented with two types of scenarios (insomnia and anxiety related) that could be alternatively interpreted in a neutral manner. Participants additionally completed questionnaires to assess global sleep quality and pre‐sleep worry, which were followed by 1‐week sleep assessments (via diaries and actigraphy) to estimate specific, daily subjective and objective sleep parameters. The results showed that insomnia‐related (but not anxiety‐related) interpretational bias was positively associated with pre‐sleep worry as well as overall sleep quality. However, these associations could be explained by general trait anxiety. We also found no connection to specific subjective or objective parameters of daily sleep, such as sleep onset latency. These findings support the cognitive‐hyperarousal mechanism, where biased cognition (together with trait anxiety) underlies pre‐sleep worry. The association with overall sleep quality, but not with specific, daily subjective or objective sleep parameters, may suggest that interpretational bias is specifically relevant for how individuals judge and describe their sleep quality

Is a High Association Between Repetitive Negative Thinking and Negative Affect Predictive of Depressive Symptoms? A Clustering Approach for Experience-Sampling Data

A reciprocal relationship between repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and negative affect (NA) has been found in various types of psychopathology. Recent studies have suggested that the magnitude of this association can vary across time and individuals, which may inform future psychopathology. Here, we explored how these dynamics and interplays are manifested in student and general populations using a statistical clustering algorithm. Across three experience-sampling data sets, our clustering analyses consistently identified two groups of individuals; one group had a higher bidirectional association between RNT and NA (and also higher inertia) than the other group. Furthermore, a prospective analysis revealed that the group with the higher bidirectional association is at risk of developing depressive symptoms during the 3-month follow-up period if they had experienced high levels of NA over the experience-sampling phase. These findings suggest that the dysfunctional affective and cognitive dynamics would be a promising target of preventive intervention