Estimation of Outlet Temperature of a Flow Reactor Heated by Microwave Irradiation

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Diapause prevention effect of <i>B. mori</i> by DMSO.

<p>Effects of various concentrations of DMSO (A). Diapause eggs 12 hours after oviposition treated with 0 to 100% DMSO solutions at 25°C. Each DMSO solution was diluted with deionized distilled water. Effective treatment time of DMSO (B). The diapause eggs 12 hours after oviposition were treated with 100% DMSO for 0 to 120 min. The ∞ indicates unwashed eggs. Effect of the DMSO treatment on the developmental stages (C). The diapause eggs 0 to 60 hours after oviposition were treated with 100% DMSO. Effects of HCl and DMSO analogs (D). HCl treatment as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064124#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. After treatment, eggs, except for the ∞ of (B), were washed in running water and air-dried at 25°C for 30 min. The treated diapause eggs had been kept at 25°C. The prevention rates of diapause ( =  diapause prevention) were calculated from hatchability within 12 days of treatment with DMSO. The hatchability was calculated using 100 to 150 eggs per one experiment. Each solid bars represent the mean values from five independent experiments with ± S.D. shown by vertical lines.</p

Permeation effect of chemicals into diapause eggs by DMSO.

<p>Diapause eggs 12 hours after oviposition were treated with beta-carotene or TBB dissolved in 100% DMSO. The procedure after treatment was the same as that after the DMSO treatment of diapause eggs. The hatchability was calculated using 100 to 150 eggs per one experiment from the number of individuals hatched within 12 days of the treatment. Each value represents the mean ± S.D. of five independent experiments.</p

Genetic Analysis of the Electrophysiological Response to Salicin, a Bitter Substance, in a Polyphagous Strain of the Silkworm <em>Bombyx mori</em>

<div><p>Sawa-J is a polyphagous silkworm (<em>Bombyx mori</em> L.) strain that eats various plant leaves that normal silkworms do not. The feeding preference behavior of Sawa-J is controlled by one major recessive gene(s) on the <em>polyphagous</em> (<em>pph</em>) locus, and several minor genes; moreover, its deterrent cells possess low sensitivity to some bitter substances including salicin. To clarify whether taste sensitivity is controlled by the <em>pph</em> locus, we conducted a genetic analysis of the electrophysiological characteristics of the taste response using the polyphagous strain Sawa-J·<em>lem</em>, in which <em>pph</em> is linked to the visible larval marker <em>lemon</em> (<em>lem</em>) on the third chromosome, and the normal strain Daiankyo, in which the wild-type gene of <em>pph</em> (+<em>^pph</em>) is marked with <em>Zebra</em> (<em>Ze</em>). Maxillary taste neurons of the two strains had similar dose–response relationships for sucrose, inositol, and strychnine nitrate, but the deterrent cell of Sawa-J·<em>lem</em> showed a remarkably low sensitivity to salicin. The F₁ generation of the two strains had characteristics similar to the Daiankyo strain, consistent with the idea that <em>pph</em> is recessive. In the BF₁ progeny between F₁ females and Sawa-J·<em>lem</em> males where no crossing-over occurs, the <em>lem</em> and <em>Ze</em> phenotypes corresponded to different electrophysiological reactions to 25 mM salicin, indicating that the gene responsible for taste sensitivity to salicin is located on the same chromosome as the <em>lem</em> and <em>Ze</em> genes. The normal and weak reactions to 25 mM salicin were segregated in crossover-type larvae of the BF₁ progeny produced by a reciprocal cross, and the recombination frequency agreed well with the theoretical ratio for the loci of <em>lem</em>, <em>pph</em>, and <em>Ze</em> on the standard linkage map. These results indicate that taste sensitivity to salicin is controlled by the gene(s) on the <em>pph</em> locus.</p> </div