Reduction in microalbuminuria as an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients

WSTĘP. Mikroalbuminuria u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 jest predyktorem nefropatii cukrzycowej oraz chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Celem niniejszego badania obserwacyjnego była ocena efektu klinicznego redukcji mikroalbuminurii u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2. MATERIAŁ I METODY. W ciągu pierwszych 2 lat badania do projektu włączono 216 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 z mikroalbuminurią, których obserwowano przez następne 8 lat. Za remisję lub 50-procentowe zmniejszenie mikroalbuminurii przyjęto odpowiednio powrót do wartości prawidłowych lub zmniejszenie poziomu mikroalbuminurii o połowę w porównaniu z poziomem wyjściowym. Analizowano zależność między redukcją poziomu mikroalbuminurii a czasem wystąpienia pierwszych objawów zaburzeń nerkowych lub sercowo-naczyniowych oraz oznaczanym co roku wskaźnikiem estymowanej filtracji kłębuszkowej (eGFR). WYNIKI. W grupie 93 chorych z 50-procentowym zmniejszeniem poziomów mikroalbuminurii odnotowano 12 incydentów nerkowych lub sercowo-naczyniowych w porównaniu z 35 w grupie 123 chorych bez takiej redukcji. Skumulowany wskaźnik częstości wspomnianych powikłań cukrzycy był istotnie mniejszy w grupie chorych z 50-procentową redukcją poziomów mikroalbuminurii. Analiza przy użyciu sumarycznej regresji logistycznej wykazała skorygowane ryzyko powikłań 0,41 (95% CI: 0,15-0,96) u chorych z 50-procentową redukcją mikroalbuminurii. Oznaczany co roku wskaźnik spadku eGFR u tych osób pogarszał się wolniej w porównaniu z grupą bez 50-procentowej redukcji mikroalbuminurii. Podobne dane uzyskano, analizując dane dotyczące okresów remisji. WNIOSKI. W przedstawionym badaniu dowiedziono, że redukcja mikroalbuminurii u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 istotnie wpływa na zmniejszenie ryzyka powikłań nerkowych i sercowo-naczyniowych cukrzycy.OBJECTIVE. Microalbuminuria in diabetic patients is a predictor for diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical impact of reducing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients in an observational follow-up study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. We enrolled 216 type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria during an initial 2-year evaluation period and observed them for the next 8 years. Remission and a 50% reduction of microalbuminuria were defined as a shift to normoalbuminuria and a reduction < 50% from the initial level of microalbuminuria. The association between reducing microalbuminuria and first occurrence of a renal or cardiovascular event and annual decline rate of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was evaluated. RESULTS. Twelve events occurred in 93 patients who attained a 50% reduction of microalbuminuria during the follow-up versus 35 events in 123 patients without a 50% reduction. The cumulative incidence rate of events was significantly lower in patients with a 50% reduction. A pooled logistic regression analysis revealed that the adjusted risk for events in subjects after a 50% reduction was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.15-0.96). In addition, the annual decline rate of eGFR in patients with a 50% reduction was significantly slower than in those without such a reduction. The same results were also found in the analysis regarding whether remission occurred. CONCLUSIONS. The present study provides clinical evidence implying that a reduction of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients is an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction

GW501516, a PPARδ Agonist, Ameliorates Tubulointerstitial Inflammation in Proteinuric Kidney Disease via Inhibition of TAK1-NFκB Pathway in Mice

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a nuclear receptor family of ligand-inducible transcription factors, which have three different isoforms: PPARα, δ and γ. It has been demonstrated that PPARα and γ agonists have renoprotective effects in proteinuric kidney diseases; however, the role of PPARδ agonists in kidney diseases remains unclear. Thus, we examined the renoprotective effect of GW501516, a PPARδ agonist, in a protein-overload mouse nephropathy model and identified its molecular mechanism. Mice fed with a control diet or GW501516-containing diet were intraperitoneally injected with free fatty acid (FFA)-bound albumin or PBS(−). In the control group, protein overload caused tubular damages, macrophage infiltration and increased mRNA expression of MCP-1 and TNFα. These effects were prevented by GW501516 treatment. In proteinuric kidney diseases, excess exposure of proximal tubular cells to albumin, FFA bound to albumin or cytokines such as TNFα is detrimental. In vitro studies using cultured proximal tubular cells showed that GW501516 attenuated both TNFα- and FFA (palmitate)-induced, but not albumin-induced, MCP-1 expression via direct inhibition of the TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-NFκB pathway, a common downstream signaling pathway to TNFα receptor and toll-like receptor-4. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GW501516 has an anti-inflammatory effect in renal tubular cells and may serve as a therapeutic candidate to attenuate tubulointerstitial lesions in proteinuric kidney diseases

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

A new strategy for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy : regulation of AMPK/ACC pathway in podocyte.

科学研究費補助金研究成果報告書研究種目: 基盤研究(C)研究期間: 2009～2011課題番号: 21591130研究代表者: 一色 啓二（滋賀医科大学・医学部・助教

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, which is increasing in incidence worldwide, despite intensive treatment approaches such as glycemic and blood pressure control in patients with diabetes mellitus. New therapeutic strategies are needed to prevent the onset of diabetic nephropathy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors that play important roles in lipid and glucose homeostases. These agents might prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy, since PPAR agonists improve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, data from murine models suggest that PPAR agonists also have independent renoprotective effects by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. This review summarizes data from clinical and experimental studies regarding the relationship between PPARs and diabetic nephropathy. The therapeutic potential of PPAR agonists in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy is also discussed