Enriched bovine IgG fraction prevents infections with Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli

A bovine IgG‐enriched whey fraction contains antibodies against various bacterial antigens. We investigated the protective effects of a bovine whey fraction preparation against infections with Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Mycobacterium avium in mouse models. After infection with these pathogens, the IgG‐enriched fraction or skim milk was given ad libitum at a 5% solution instead of water. The mice given the IgG‐enriched fraction were significantly resistant to orally challenged EHEC O157:H7 (LD50: 4.0 × 105 CFU/mouse) infections compared with the mice given skim milk (LD50: <1.5 × 102 CFU/mouse). The mice given the IgG‐enriched fraction were also significantly resistant to orally challenged S. Enteritidis (LD50: 5.0 × 106 CFU/mouse) infections compared with the mice given skim milk (LD50: <2.5 × 101 CFU/mouse). When the mice were nasally infected with M. avium, the numbers of the bacteria in lungs of mice given the IgG‐enriched fraction were significantly lower than those given skim milk 2 and 3 weeks after infection. These results strongly indicate that oral administration of the bovine IgG‐enriched whey fraction protects mice against food‐borne infection and also that it partially protects mice against respiratory tract infection

Enriched bovine IgG fraction prevents infections with Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Mycobacterium avium

A bovine IgG‐enriched whey fraction contains antibodies against various bacterial antigens. We investigated the protective effects of a bovine whey fraction preparation against infections with Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Mycobacterium avium in mouse models. After infection with these pathogens, the IgG‐enriched fraction or skim milk was given ad libitum at a 5% solution instead of water. The mice given the IgG‐enriched fraction were significantly resistant to orally challenged EHEC O157:H7 (LD50: 4.0 × 105 CFU/mouse) infections compared with the mice given skim milk (LD50: <1.5 × 102 CFU/mouse). The mice given the IgG‐enriched fraction were also significantly resistant to orally challenged S. Enteritidis (LD50: 5.0 × 106 CFU/mouse) infections compared with the mice given skim milk (LD50: <2.5 × 101 CFU/mouse). When the mice were nasally infected with M. avium, the numbers of the bacteria in lungs of mice given the IgG‐enriched fraction were significantly lower than those given skim milk 2 and 3 weeks after infection. These results strongly indicate that oral administration of the bovine IgG‐enriched whey fraction protects mice against food‐borne infection and also that it partially protects mice against respiratory tract infection

Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tochigi prefecture, a local region of Japan

Abstract Background Foreign-born patients with tuberculosis (TB) may introduce globally disseminated isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into large cities in Japan. The risk of dissemination of these isolates into local regions, however, has not been determined. This study analyzed the molecular epidemiology of M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from TB patients living in a local region of Japan. Methods Whole genome sequences of 169 M. tuberculosis isolates, obtained from 148 Japanese-born and 21 foreign-born patients living in Tochigi, Japan, were analyzed using the Comprehensive analysis server for the Mycobacterium t u b erculosis complex (CASTB). Results The 169 isolates were clustered into four clades; Lineage 2 (111 isolates 65.7%), Lineage 4 (43 isolates, 25.4%), Lineage 1 (13 isolates, 7.7%), and Lineage 3 (2 isolates, 1.2%). Of the 111 isolates belonging to Lineage 2, 79 (71.2%) were of the atypical Beijing sub-genotype. Of the 13 Lineage 1 isolates, nine (69.2%) were from foreign-born patients. The isolates belonging to Lineage 4 were further clustered into three clades, two containing isolates shared by both Japanese- and foreign-born patients. The two isolates belonging to Lineage 3 were obtained from foreign-born patients. Conclusions The genotypic diversity of M. tuberculosis in a local region of Japan is increased primarily by the presence of isolates obtained from foreign-born patients

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tochigi prefecture, a local region of Japan

Geographical location of Tochigi Prefecture in Japan. Tochigi is one of the inland prefectures of the Northern portion of the Kanto region. Its population on March 1, 2007, was 2,014,931 persons. The area of Tochigi prefecture is approximately 6,400 km2, making it the 20th largest in Japan, but the largest in the Kanto region. (PPTX 127 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tochigi prefecture, a local region of Japan

Geographic analysis of lineages of M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from foreign- and Japanese-born patients living in the North, Central, and South regions of Tochigi Prefecture. (DOCX 31 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tochigi prefecture, a local region of Japan

Associations between patient gender and lineages of M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from foreign- and Japanese-born patients. (DOCX 31 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tochigi prefecture, a local region of Japan

Associations between patient gender and Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages. The stacked bar charts show the percentages of M. tuberculosis lineages by (A) countries of birth and (B) sampling period. The numbers of isolates are indicated on the graphs. (PPTX 133 kb